Determination of the End Point of the Acid Base Titration

Assurance of the End Point of the Acid Base Titration List of chapters (Jump to) Presentation Acids and Bases Properties of corrosive Qualities of Acids and Bases How to identify corrosive and Bases? pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium Hardware System Results and end Book index Presentation Acids and Bases Each fluid we see will most likely have either fundamental or acidic properties. Water can be a base and corrosive, it relies upon the response you include with water. It very well may be a base in some response and a corrosive in certain responses. Additionally water can respond with itself to frame bases and acids yet it occurs in little amounts so it won't change your investigations. 2H2O > H3O++ OH- The hydrogen particle was moved to shape Hydronium particle. The negative and positive particles in water are equivalent and drop one another. The greater part of water we drink from the tap has others particles in it. Those particles in arrangement make something fundamental or acidic. For instance, in our Bodies, there are little mixes called amino acids and in natural products there something many refer to as citrus extract. As per Sant㠩 Arrhenius, in 1887, he thought of new meanings of acids and bases. He said when we blend water to atoms , they separate and gives a hydrogen particle and at another occasions it gives hydroxide. All in all, a hydrogen positive particle is discharged, the acidic arrangement increments. At the point when a hydroxide particle is discharged, the arrangement become base For instance HA +H2O H3O + A Hydronium particle is framed and it is corrosive. That hydrogen particle is the explanation it is called a corrosive. Scientific experts utilize the word separated to depict the separation of a compound Properties of corrosive Acids taste sharp Acids respond firmly with metals (Zn + HCl) Solid Acids are perilous and can consume your skin Bases Bases are ionic exacerbates that break separated to frame a contrarily charged hydroxide particle (OH-) in water. The quality of a base is dictated by the convergence of Hydroxide particles (OH-). The more noteworthy of the convergence of OH particles the more grounded the base. Model: NaOH in water NaOH Na+ + OH Qualities of Acids and Bases Solid Acids and Weak Acids: Quality of corrosive is identified with ionization of acids in water. A portion of the acids can ionize 100 % in water arrangements; we call them solid acids. HCL are instances of solid acids.in other hand, a portion of the acids can't ionize like solid acids. We call acids halfway ionize in arrangements feeble corrosive. CH3COOH, HF, H2CO3 are instances of frail corrosive that incompletely ionize in arrangement Solid and Weak Bases: Bases ionize totally in arrangements are called solid bases. NaOH and bases including OH-particle are solid bases. Bases that ionize halfway in arrangements are called frail bases. For instance [ NH3] Ionization of Water: Water ionizes gives: H2O(l) ↠H+(aq) + OH(aq) In unadulterated water groupings of H+ and OH particles are equivalent to one another and at 25⠰, they have fixation 110-7 M. at that point grouping of particle in unadulterated water is excessively low, it is a terrible electric channel. As on account of unadulterated water mediums having [H+] = [OH] focus are called nonpartisan mediums. In water arrangements duplication of [H+] and [OH] is consistent and at 25 0C it is 110-14. This number is additionally called ionization consistent of unadulterated water. On the off chance that grouping of [H+] particles equivalent [OH-]= 10 - 7M, at that point arrangement is unbiased. On the off chance that grouping of [H+] particles > [OH-] or [H+] > 10 - 7M and [OH-] - 7 M, at that point arrangement is acidic. On the off chance that grouping of [OH-] particles > [H+] or [H+] - 7 M and [OH-] > 10-7 M, at that point arrangement is essential. How to identify corrosive and Bases? Researchers use something many refer to as pH scale to quantify how essential or acidic the fluid is. Likewise there are numerous kinds of particles in an answer, pH center around grouping of hydrogen particles and hydroxide particles. The scale estimates esteems from 0 to 14. Refined water is 7 in the center. The quality of a corrosive or base in an answer is estimated on a scale called a pH scale. Any pH number more prominent than 7 is viewed as a base and any pH number under 7 is viewed as a corrosive. 0 is the most grounded corrosive and 14 is the most grounded base. The corrosive quality relies upon the convergence of positive hydrogen particles in the arrangement. The more prominent and more hydrogen particles is the more grounded acids likes Hydrochloric corrosive HCL and Sulphuric corrosive. pH=-log[H+] and pOH=-log[OH-] On the off chance that 7>pH>0 acidic arrangement On the off chance that 14>pH>7 fundamental arrangement On the off chance that pH=7 impartial arrangement pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium 1. pH At the point when acids is added to water, the pH scale diminishes. The causticity of an answer is analyzed by the hydrogen particle focus ([H+]), where pH gives a straightforward file to communicating the [H+] level., when pH is little which implies that the littler the quantity of pH , the more grounded corrosive. pH=-log10[H] pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium Solid corrosive , which they are separate in arrangement, and powerless acids that incompletely separate in arrangement. At the point when separation of solid corrosive occurs, it gives a proton wherein make the arrangement progressively acidic, However, feeble acids have a separated express (A-) and undissociated state (AH) that shows up as per the accompanying separation harmony condition. Ok A + H+ . The meaning of Ka is Ka= The sections of the item to the sections of the reactants pKa was acquainted as a file with express the sharpness of feeble acids, where pKa is characterized as follows. pKa= log10Ka Connection among Ka and Pka , it is conversely corresponding so when ka is high which implies storng corrosive which implies pKa is low and the other way around Gear Burette Recepticle Attractive stirrer Ph meter Corrosive and Bases Unadulterated water Technique Clean all gear so as to get precise conductivity Include some of NaOH into the accepting cup and afterward include somewhat 1 ml of HCL and ensure you including the getting cup the attractive stirrer Rehash this means to get the conductivity from volume 0 ml to 17 ml Get titration bend ,the differential bend and the end point For CH3COOH + NaOH We will make same advances and record the conductivity pH Results and end NaOH + HCL Aftereffects of volume of HCL and the conductivity Ml pH is certain that end point happens at 10 ml of HCL which pH drops to 6.34 Titration bend Differential bend Ch3COOH +Naoh Obviously end point at 10 ml of Naoh the end point happen , the ph distinction is huge Titration bend Differential bend List of sources http://www.chemistrytutorials.org/content/acids-and-bases/ph-poh-and-ionization-of-water/58-acids-and-bases-cheat-sheet http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-reasonable undertakings/project_ideas/Chem_AcidsBasespHScale.shtml http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/184ph.html http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/understudies/erlinger/water/foundation/ph.html http://www.humboldtmfg.com/graduated_glass_beaker.html http://www.shimadzu.com/a/hplc/support/lib/lctalk/29/29intro.html https://www.boundless.com/science/acids-and-bases/quality of-acids/the-corrosive separation consistent/ http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Acid_dissociation_constant.html

Public Health protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

General Health assurance - Essay Example Despite the fact that bacteriology was evidently crucial for the re-conceptualisation of contaminations, this procedure was in progress, and a few investigations show that there were no significant motivations behind the new information on transmittable ailments in the act of general wellbeing (Lewis and MacPherson 2007). In Australia, when diphtheria was deciphered in bacteriological terms, a variety of as often as possible clashing general wellbeing practices and arrangements were looked for in fast movement. These succeeding general wellbeing forms thus shaped the incomplete bacteriological translation of diphtheria and of the control measures for infectious illnesses (Lawson and Bauman 2001). From the earliest starting point of ‘immunisation’ and warning commitments in the late nineteenth century, general wellbeing arrangement changed quickly to mass cleaning developments in the mid twentieth century, wherein ‘carriers’ were the major, almost extraordinary, respect (Lawson and Bauman 2001). Recognition of the disappointment of these developments since 1922 turned into the establishment of an official arrangement towards mass inoculation, yet its moderate activity suggested that vaccination just gradually supplanted purifying propensities and bearer control as the essentia l preventive procedure. Every one of these approaches were results of bacteriological comprehension and techniques, yet epitomized limitlessly different practices and thoughts of anticipation (Lewis and MacPherson 2007). The executives of diphtheria satisfied a fundamental capacity in the progression of general wellbeing arrangements and foundations in Australia. Antiquarians have differently inspected plague, typhoid, tuberculosis, smallpox, and red fever as diseases of political and social importance in the trim of general wellbeing in British settlements and in Australia in the nineteenth century (Lewis 2003a). In any case, the youth disease of diphtheria has been insufficient of the consideration that professionals think it merits. Shown factually, strategically and

Use University of Michigan Essay Samples

Use University of Michigan Essay SamplesThe University of Michigan offers a wide variety of essay samples to help students write better. They provide sample essays for students with more than two years of college experience. This is the ideal time to start writing an essay for college, because it will show you how easy it can be to get through college and how challenging it can be.The University of Michigan provides these essay samples for free on their website. You can browse through their pages to learn more about how to write your own essay. The website has a large variety of essay topics so that you can learn more about what is expected of you.The University of Michigan has essays for almost every topic including writing essays for finals, essay samples for writing a research paper, and essay samples for Advanced Placement courses. The College of Literature, Science, and the Arts offer free University of Michigan essay samples for different types of coursework and exams. They hav e even offer some essay samples for specific classes, such as Spanish, English composition, economics, psychology, social science, and computer science.The curriculum varies throughout the entire class. You should be able to find what you are looking for. The selection of course and assignment topics is based on what the course director requires. They may ask for essay samples for specific subjects or for all of the classes.The selection of topics will affect the overall quality of the work that is produced. This is because you have to be able to write a composition that is unique and memorable to impress your instructors. The university does not intend for this to be an easy process, but they also do not want students to have a hard time getting through the course because of a lack of time.When choosing essay samples, be sure to pick out the ones that are recommended by the course director. Make sure you purchase the ones that are clearly labeled and that include their name and the name of the class. You may have to search online for these, because many of the class names have been taken. The University of Michigan does not allow other websites to sell the essay samples for sale.If you need to buy essay samples, you should go to the department of English before you start. They may have some that are sold out, but they can also offer more of them. It will depend on what the enrollment is in the course, and the method of selling it.In order to get as much help as possible with essays, you should look into writing assignments and essay samples. The essays need to be your best work. The last thing you want to do is give your professor a bad impression by failing to meet their expectations.

Operations Strategies For Operations Management - 1778 Words

Operations Strategies to Support the Strategic Role of Operations Management Proudly by Andrew Riis Table of Contents (MAKE IN WORD) 1.0 - Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2.0 - Strategic role of operations management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.1 - Fruity Fro-Yo†¦. 2.2 - Apple 3.0 - Operations Strategies 3.1 - Supply Chain Management 3.2 - New Product/Service Design and Development 3.3 - Outsourcing 3.4 - Technology 3.5 - Inventory Management 3.6 - Overcoming Resistance to Change 4.0 - Conclusion Bibliography Page 1 Page 2 Page 2 Page 2 Page 3 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 1.0 - Executive Summary Operations is the processes through which resources (inputs), such as raw materials and labour, are†¦show more content†¦If a business is using cost leadership as the strategic role of operations, the main focus will be lowering the cost however reliability, efficiency of delivery and uniformity of quality will also be taken into account. 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Summary and Review of Jodi Picoults Book, The Pact

Christopher Harte and Emily Gold are life long neighbors since childhood, their friendship blossom into love and soon after it ends in a tragic death. Chris and Emily were inseparable throughout their childhood. They did everything with one another. Chris was a star athlete and Emily was a passionate artist, that’s how you could differentiate these two individuals. Although they did have there amazing academic achievements’ in common. They were also sure about the love they had for one another. When it came to Chris and Emily everyone knew that they were meant to be. Emily took a pregnancy test, it came back positive. She couldn’t deal with disappointing her parents because she was considered the perfect child. The only solution that came to mind was death because abortion wasn’t an option. When the midnight hospital call came in at three am Mr. Harte, Chris’s father answered the call and was informed that his son had been injured and he was rushed to Bainbridge Memorial Hospital. When Mr. Harte was speeding over there he called up Gus Gold, Emily’s mother. He told her Emily was also rushed to the same hospital as Chris, unknowing her actual death. Publisher’s Weekly reviewed Jodi Picoult’s â€Å"The Pact† and stating â€Å"Picoult stumbles in delineating both sets of parents’ responses to the tragedy. Unconvincing behavior and dialogue inappropriate to the situation (†¦the fact the parents fail to discuss crucial topics) never touch the essence of bereavement and thus destroying

The Education On Internet Safety - 1423 Words

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How to Display Temperature and Humidity Using an Arduino and a DHT11 Humidity Sensor free essay sample

This chapter will be discussed about the procedures and steps that used in this project. Each of the methods that were used to achieve this project will be stated and explain briefly. The purpose of the methodology is used to achieve the objective that have been stated.In this part, the software design is part to do the programming by using the Arduino software. The flow of the data transmission starting from the reading of the temperature and humidity by using the DHT11 sensor. Then, the data will be processed by a microcontroller. It will be sent through the transmission of data by using the 433MHz RF transmitter module. When, the power supply is turned on, the 433MHz RF receiver module and the microcontroller ready to accept the data that have been transmitted. After that, the data is sent by the Arduino microcontroller via a serial port to the computer for displayed the data. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Display Temperature and Humidity Using an Arduino and a DHT11 Humidity Sensor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Based on the Figure 1 and Figure 2 it shown the flow how it works.Hardware design consists of two parts which is from here it will be explained how the flow of the project will be complete. For the first part as shown in Figure 3 is the data obtain from the DHT11 sensor reading, then the data will be transmitted by the 433MHz RF transmitter modules. While, for the second part as shown in Figure 4 is the data received via 433MHz RF receiver modules then sent by the Arduino PRO that connected to a computer for displayed.According to the flow that has been shown above, here will be attached the connection for the clearer view about this project.The generated data for this project should be the same with the theoretical results. Besides that, the results of this project will be compared with the theoretical results, the journals or book that have been found.

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Michelangelos Tomb of Giuliano de Medici essays

Michelangelo's Tomb of Giuliano de' Medici essays Michelangelos Tomb of Giuliano de Medici One of the most famous artists ever known since the 16th century is a man by the name of Michelangelo Buonarroti. He has composed art that is both breathtaking and unmatched in such skills as painting, sculpture, architecture and poetry. Some of his most famous works of sculpture that he composed are standing in the Medici Chapel in Florence, Italy even today. I would like to speak of a particular piece contained in the Chapel entitled Tomb of Giuliano de Medici. First I would like to say a few words concerning Michelangelos financial status for materials and his visions for the figure. According to the book entitled, Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture; Michelangelo was an aristocratic artist working for the pope and had a nearly unlimited budget in the 1520s. Michelangelo also had a legendary ability to judge the quality of a block of marble; it was even said that he could see the figure imprisoned in it.(Pg.213) I think that this quote from author, William E. Wallace, shows a very interesting background in Michelangelos finances and genius. He had made numerous life-size statues with handpicked blocks of marble. Wallace also states that some experts believe Michelangelos financial backing helped contribute to the beauty of his work. I was not sure how to take that comment at first, but after looking at many of Michelangelos sculptures, I think the fact that he was particular about the quality of block which was used shows that he was a master that wanted to depict figures that were unequivocally beautiful, muscular, and harmo nious. The Tomb of Giuliano de Medici is an example of Michelangelos mastery of both muscular figures as well as composition. The piece was worked on from 1519 through 1534. The piece contains three figures. The elevated central figure in the pie...

Democracy and Socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Democracy and Socialism - Essay Example Since then, there have been turbulent times in a quest to achieve democracy with dictators and military coup leaders claiming to support it. However, in Athens, it followed a set of rules on who was legible to participate in politics, vote and the size of the society where democracy could be practiced. With this, the Athenians agreed that the people required population to be small so as to allow citizens access to debate attendances and vote on issues affecting them (History World, n.d). Over time, democracy has evolved with various societies that have implemented it. For example, with the Romans, representation in a legislative assembly came up so that selected few leaders could represent an entire population and their interests (History World, n.d). In addition, the Romans came up with the oral system of voting where citizens gave their answer of a specified question to a clerk who then recorded it. Moreover, with all the changes it has had to it, democracy has its positive and neg ative aspects that affect any society that embraces it. For example, the use of majority rule forces the minority who lost to be dictated upon by those who won (Cincotta, n.d). Therefore, it leads to the oppression of minority populations in a bid to enact the will of a majority. In addition, democratic rule puts its basis on a knowledgeable and educated citizen who is literate. This, in itself, is discriminative to the illiterate as they lose independence due to reliance on the learned to make decisions and implement policies that may not be known to them (Cincotta, n.d). As a result, democracy can be used for selfish gain, especially in the use of representatives. However, it is not all gloom for democracy as it bears positive aspects to it, as well. Democracy in exercising majority rule guarantees the protection of minority rights against violation in all aspects (Cincotta, n.d). This is because the rights of dissenters are not dependent on the goodwill of the majority who accent . Moreover, in democracy, the government only plays a minor role in the social organization that leads to pluralism (Cincotta, n.d). As a result, most social and private organizations and institutions remain free from the interference of the government. Socialism Socialism refers to a social system that advocates for liberty, equality and fraternity in its implementation (Cockshott & Cottrell, 2012). It traces its origins to a wide variety of influences that include its manifestation as a philosophy and the ideas of various scholars. Therefore, with its already established goals, it applied a hybrid of Christian communalism, feudalism and liberal capitalism to daily living (Daum, n.d). This made it utopian socialism and could be easily related to in the everyday life Socialism has a number of merits to it. This is because; it grants people liberty in the form of freedom from oppression and slavery, freedom of speech and association (Cockshott & Cottrell, 2012). In addition to this s ocialism grants freedom of conscience and separates the church form the state, as in traditional socialist states. In addition, socialism brings about equality in the society due to its nature in enforcing social values upon a society. Therefore, it allows for freedom in most social aspects in that all members of a society that practices socialism has access to the same opportunities (Cockshott &

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Personal Statement Example I still remember the way our backyard junked garage soon turned into a teeming workshop with brilliant ideas and we had spent the entire summer recess into the junkyard that year. My first step into the world of machines was thus initiated. With passing days, I learnt the intricate details about all the cars and their engines at our junkyard and soon one day I was able to start up the failed engine of my dad’s car, when I discovered that actually the problem was in the battery and not in the engine of the car. Later in the school itself, I joined Asian Engineering club where my ideas about machines, transistors and basic functioning of light and sound gained more shape. A class by a veteran scientist and scholar at the engineering club at school on analysis of design and manufacturing provoked me to a great extent and boosted up my desperation for taking up the stream of mechanical engineering as my major. And, the most fascinating part of the entire discipline for me was the circuits, its design and analysis of those circuit designs and how it operates within many machines just bowled me out. I indulged myself into reading more and more science journals. At my upper division level at school itself and before pioneering upon the subject through milestone institution of SBCC, I had attended a seminar on thermodynamics and many discussions and seminars on the subject of electricity and its modern circuit designs and analysis where I understood the profanity with which modern mechanical engineers and scientists are working at various levels to shape the modern system and enable the mankind to take the optimum benefit out of modern technologies. Volunteering at different science exhibitions and participation at various science fairs at school level presenting circuits and various mechanical dynamics enabled me to fasten my seat belt more intact through the journey of mechanical world. My involvement with the aerodynamics was clear from my childhood days and an active participation of three days’ workshop with aerodynamics helped and intrigued passion within me for taking plunges into the field of mechanical engineering. Prompt 2 One of my unique talents or virtues which I believe is the talent of inquisitiveness. This inquisitive pursuit enabled me to ponder upon various complex and unorganized dynamics and helped me to solve the complex circuit turning them into a simpler one. After attending classes at SBCC, I found that all my past experiences and scientific expeditions have enabled me to comprehend more intricately about various dynamics and subtleties associated with the faculty of Mechanical Engineering. I already had enough exposure as a member of science club and after participating in various events related with machines, thermodynamics and aerodynamics. In science and field of scientific research, the application and implementation of the theories which we come across everyday pitted in black words against the white pa ges of our weighty books need space for practical understanding. These practical understandings of the theories finds completion only when first hand implementation of those theories are experienced in practicality, which I have received in abundance throughout my career in schools at both junior and senior levels. The little theories of mechanics starting from the revolving of fans to movement of a car engine, every little or big machines around has helped me to grow and

An Analysis Of Glocalization And Social Welfare Politics Essay

An Analysis Of Glocalization And Social Welfare Politics Essay This term paper is on the topic Glocalization and Social Welfare. In this paper, the focus is what glocal means and how it works in the delivery or upholding social welfare. The term Glocal basically refers to the merging or blending of local and global forces: global in local or local in global: either way it refers to the forces of global and local acting together. By social welfare it is understood that it means something affecting the society, public goods as in something that the society needs or is affected by it. In the context of glocalization; social welfare is understood as how local and global actors or forces come together to uphold social welfare aspects like health, the people, the ecology, women and working class, specifically aiming towards the third world countries. This paper takes into account glocal forces as actors like NGOs and other organizations formed with the initiative of local and global forces to counter the ill effects of globalization on society and uph old social welfare from the local and in the global context. INTRODUCTION: To understand the concept of Glocalization, an understanding of globalization as a process is to be gained. Since glocalization has basically two positions, both defined by the concept of globalization. The two statuses of Glocalization are: Firstly, glocalization can be seen as a result of and an alternative to globalization, and secondly, it may also be referred to as an opposition to globalization. Since most of the scholars involved in explaining glocalization, has often taken the understanding that it emerged because of the grave problems and the negative impacts or consequences of the globalization process. Globalization as a process of integration and interconnectedness in terms of economic, social and political forces has led to various outcome. It has led to greater interaction among states and also led to the increase of non-state actors like transnational corporations and multinational corporations in the economic sector all around the world. And it also brought a decrease in the role of the state and led to the emergence and proliferation of a number of NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and non-state actors in the economic, political and social sectors which operated and had implications on the global and the local arena. Such interaction of the global and local forces is termed as glocalization, the interaction of local-level government with the state and the interaction of this state and its representation in the international/global arena is what glocalization captures. Glocalization basically refers to the interaction or a blending of the local forces with the global forces, or vice-versa, impacting and influencing the other sector. Glocalization in terms of the social aspect basically refers to the impact of globalization on social aspects such as culture, and also in terms of social welfare it relates to the forces involved in the matters of rights, education, women and children and also the ecology. Insecurity is what its based on; earlier insecurity existed only in military terms; of one country going into war with the other; however the concept of security and insecurity now deals with other sectors i.e. the non-traditional security relating to the environment and others. Globalization increa sing the interaction among nations and bringing about a homogeneous notion of culture, security and economy has now led to a proliferation in matters of insecurities. It has added more problems to the world today. Globalization and increasing economic interconnectedness was supposed to be directed towards the entire world contributing to world economy in order for everyone to be well off, however such economic accomplishments have only been diverted mostly towards the developed or the rich countries, thereby it is felt that globalization has increased the level of poverty mostly in the already poor developing or underdeveloped or undeveloped countries, especially the third world countries. When the arguments of the hyper globalists are taken we see that globalization was intended on creating one world, a homogeneous entity. Homogeneous in terms of economy, political and socio cultural aspects, glocalization on the other hand has been seen to emphasize heterogeneity; mainly in terms of culture the term associated would be Creolizaiton- referring to the evoking of cultural fusion and the emergence of new cultures across the globe. Other synonyms for glocalization of culture, and creolization would be mixture or hybridization. On cultural terms we see glocalization to stand contrary to what globalization advocates. One definition of glocalization to be noted is; Glocalization can be defined as an interpretation of the global and the local, resulting in unique outcomes of different geographic areas, it emphasizes global heterogeneity and tends to reject the idea of the West/ Americanization. The concept of glocalization is seen to be contrary to Modernization Theory, which dealt with issues of central concern in the West and the rest of the world to blindly follow the West. Tony Blair, Globalization as a process has been termed as an irreversible and an inevitable process: Bill Clinton, Globalization is not a policy choice, it is a fact. This shows that the west had too much faith in the process of globalization and its impacts. Therefore, it is here that glocalization provides for a critique and an alternative to the globalization, since globalization now is taken as an important process and many have ignored the problems caused by it, glocalization theorists point out to these problems and therefore formulate their idea of the concept that developed. Economically, glocalization would mean the local control of the economy and fair distribution locally. Technology and Information to be encouraged to flow when and where they could strengthen the local economies. The problems of globalization, first would be that with its idea of liberalization, increases the integration of markets and also increases interference. Colin Hines mentions that this leads to reduction of democratic controls over economic affairs, international competition leads to increases interference and therefore leads to erosion of social welfare standards and an environmental regulation with regard to international trade is lost. The burden basically falls on the third world developing countries. In this context what Hines suggests is localization, that is the seen as an alternative to the problems created by globalization, by localization, Hines means which reverses the trend of globalization by favoring the local. Why the critique of globalization emerged, was because with the principles of integration and interconnectedness globalization was to provide an overall development, that is development of countries all over the world, a global process of development was to foster growth in the economic, political and social sector of the entire nation states. However this was not so, instead it has been pointed out that there was a global rise in inequality, declining social and environmental conditions and a loss of power by the sovereign state, local governments and citizens and the major beneficiaries of these processes were the Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and the multinational corporations (MNCs), there was a sharp increase in underdevelopment and underpayment. In the 1 960s the income of the richest fifth of the worlds population were 30 times greater than that of the poorest fifth, and in 1991 it was over sixty times and the 1998 report by United Nations, it was seventy-eight times high. In the 1990s the International Labor Organization reported that one third of the worlds population were underemployed. The 1990 report by the International Labor Organization mentioned that one-third of the worlds population were underemployed.1 Globalization therefore was seen to have negative impacts on nation states, the gap between the rich and the poor were widening. Globalization stands for delocalizaiton i.e. displacement of activities which were local and turning it into a world-wide activities. Globalization stood for the lifting of social activities out of the local knowledge and placing them in networks in which they are conditioned by and condition world-wide events. The process of globalization stands for homogenization, where the processes around the world become one and the same for all the countries. Global actors or institutions like the TNCs engage themselves in different countries, however they do not totally bring about homogenization, certain companies do get involved and adapt to local conditions to maximize local demand for products and service and to minimize their chance of being discriminated against by trade and investment. This is known as Glocalization, defined as a companys attempt to become acc epted as a local citizen in a different trade bloc and little control is given to the area of strategic concern. On economic matters, due to globalization the delocalization gaps between the rich and the poor countries are widening. GLOCALIZATION AS A PROCESS: Glocalization involves the blending of the global and local forces. Its evolution was based on a Japanese term Dochakuka which meant the adoption of farming technique to ones local condition. In the business world the term actually mean global localization, according to Wordspy, glocalization refered to the creation of the products or services intended for the global market, but customized to serve the local cultures, in social sciences the term used or a synonym for glocalization is indigenization. 2 Ronald Robertson has been an important figure in the study of globalization. For him, globalization was not a recent phenomenon, it has existed as a part of the modernization theory, with its emphasis on convergence and homogenization (basically westernization), and he mentioned globalization as the interpenetration of the universalization of the particularization and the particularization of universalism. Globalization and glocalization was to be thought of as interdependent processes, Robertson argued that local and global instead of constituting analytical opposites locality can be regarded, with certain reservations, as an aspect of globalization. 3 Hines, Colin. 2000. Localization: A Global Manifesto, London: Earthscan. Khondker, Habibul.H. Glocalization as Globalization: Evolution of a Sociological Concept, Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology, Vol.1, No.2. July 2004. Eade, John. Living the global City: Globalization as a local process, Routledge Publ. Robertson mentions glocalization to be an accurate term to describe the global/local relationship. There exits the globalization of the locality and the localization of what is global. As such the processes are that of macro localization and micro globalization. Habib in his work Glocalization as Globalization: Evolution of a Sociological Concept, cites examples of such micro globalization and macro localization. For the former he cites the example of social movements like the feminist and the ecological movements which start in small local spaces and then gets expanded to a larger area, also a global arena. Contrary to this view of globalization and glocalization being interdependent processes is the view of the likes of Midgley, who view globalization to be harmful for local economies, as they undermine the role of the sovereign states and uphold the roles of corporations and also create unemployment and poverty in various parts of the world. They believe that globalization leads to a lack of accountability in the new emerging era and as increased economic forces and complex international relations make it difficult to identify the source of the problem, as such so assigning of little responsibility to nation state or companies for any harm that maybe inflicted upon society as a whole and therefore scholars prefer glocalization to enhance the social welfare of citizens. In the era of globalization the role of the state in the social arena is decreased and therefore glocalization here presents a potential to create new social actors and structures that are essentially local in spirit and global in character capable of responding to local social problems brought on by neglect of welfare state in a format backed by global insight and power. Philip Hong and In Han Song suggested development of a globalized social policy assisted by and international organization that together can establish and advocate a common set of solutions to increase global pressures and create opportunities for investing more in such things as education, employment and vital public services. Through this top-down approach of global forces acting at local levels, authors argue that glocalization of social work might offer a means for advancing local welfare and contribute the strength needed to comfort increasing complex global social problems more pronounced into the future. Glocalization and social welfare can be assessed through the analysis of civil society organizations and the Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). Glocalization for social welfare through NGOs etc. means pressing for certain rights, protecting the local globally/from global to local/going local. Local government officials have been the most useful when they have supported local problem solvers. What Hines suggested was localization which mean de-globalization i.e. the reversal of the process of globalization, turning back everything under local control and local management, which now seems quite possible since globalization has been an age old phenomenon and has brought about innumerable changes which cannot be reversed, as it is difficult to reverse or its removal or reversal is undesirable since globalization has not only had negative effects but positive ones too. As such its reversal would not really be feasible. So glocalization serves as a suitable policy process, since it doe s not demand for a reversal of the globalized process but emphasizes the combined functioning of both the local and the global forces, neither complete globalization nor completes localization, it serves as a neutral policy, gaining from both aspects. It is said that glocalization provides for a blend of local and global forces and in the name of such a blend an example that can be cited is that of the United Nations (UN). The UN being an international/ global organization comprised of member countries from all over the world provides policies for social welfare sectors like that of health, education, environment, rights, the question of women and children and culture. The impact of UN policies are great, it looks into matters which have effect on local levels as well, citing example of the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), formulated in terms of eradicating poverty, promoting proper health and education, ecological protection and others have been adopted by member nations and these MDGs have also been taken up on state level. According to Scholte, glocalization involves the formulations of certain rules and regulatory institutions for better governance of local agendas with respect to global matters. It is argued that the global governance institutions lack the kinds of formal accountability that national and local governments can provide. World bodies like Commonwealth, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) and the World Bank, they all lack popularly elected executive and therefore this hampers accountability. Insufficient accountability compromises most problems like poverty, inequality, environmental defense, disease and violence are not effectively addressed or eradicated. Therefore through civil society organizations help could be provided, however the sceptics argued such civil society organizations run by elites would further increase the problem of accountability. Contemporary society operates through global frames alongside social spaces. Along with local NGOs there also exists inter-regional associations like the European Union, Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), ASEAN ( Association of South East Asian Nations), Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) which has been termed as the most developed interregional arrangement. Along with this there exists trans-localism, with groups like UCLG- United Cities and Local Governments, ICLEI, local governments for sustainability. Therefore global governance involves international institutes, inter-regional institutes and trans-local institutes, and good governance in this respect means that these institutes as actors are answerable for its action to the beneficiary for whom they are acting. Glocalization brings out the best in dealing with the local problems with tis reference to global issues though civil society. Such CSOs as human collectivity, people relate to one another on the basis of openness, tolerance, respect, trust and non-violence. Secondly, also a political space where citizens congregate to deliberate upon actual and prospective circumstances of their collective life. The qualities of civil society initiatives like peace movements, human rights advocates, advanced dignity of disabled persons, indigenous populations, outcasts, people of color, sexual minorities and women, citizen campaigns for animal rights and ecological integrity. Certain NGO staff members have represented several small island states in multilateral negotiations on climate change- in china and parts of Africa the relationship between civic groups and the state has sometimes been so close that the associations in question have been dubbed as GONGOs-Government organized NGOs. Some environmental organizations have held observer status in the body that oversees implementation of 1987 Montreal Protocol on substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the Codex Alimentarius Commission- a Rome based supra-state agency on world food standards and the International Organization have consulted global companies in the process of setting norms. Each country, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child- has always received an alternative report from civic groups. By 1990, most major UN organs had established a special division for liaison with NGOs. Marrakesh Agreement establishing WTO provided for appropriate arrangements for consultation and cooperation with NGOS. Suggestions for proposals regarding a Peoples Assembly or chamber of companies to be created in the UN alongside General Assembly of States have been made. NGO forums exercised notable influence on declarations and programs of action at various UN sponsored global issue conferences of 1990s. New politics emerged when several civic groups channel important part of their efforts to shape official policy though supra-state agencies as through governments. This has been apparent in environmental regeneration, autonomy of indigenous people, position of women, opportunities for the disabled and world peace. E.g. Movement for the survival of the Ogoni people (MOSOP) created in 1990. MOSOP used support of trans-border environmental, religious, human rights organizations. In other words, it is possible in contemporary politics for grassroots groups to advance their causes though coalitions with NGOs, global governance agencies and even global companies. Two private sector policy makers have been influential in influencing many programs at low levels, these are namely: Ford Foundation and World Economic Forum. Ford Foundation established in 1936 to fund social programs in Michigan. Its funds and grants were to go to NGOs and were to be free from the scrutiny of the state governments. 1960s, ford foundation played a major role in educating development economists, promoting Green Revolution in agriculture, sponsoring population control programs and linking environment and development policies. World Economic Forum, was launched in 1971 was instrumental in launching the Uruguay Round of World Trade negotiations and helped forge links between local and global capital in China, India, Latin America and Russia and post-apartheid South Africa. World Economic Forum also addressed inter-state conflicts with conciliation attempts in affairs as the Arab-Israeli and Greeco-Turkish disputes. Non-official initiatives in environmental regulation are the Ford, Packard and Rockefeller foundation supported major conservation programs. In 1980, World Conservation union (IUCN) and WWF collaborated with UNEP to launch a World Conservation Strategy that developed guidelines for states. World Resources Institute (WRI) formulated the Tropical Forestry Action Plan in 1980 jointly with the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and UNDP. International Council of Science Union plays an advisory role to the World Meteorological Organization and UNEP in setting up and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1988. The Secretariat for the Convention on International Trade in endangered species of wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has worked in close cooperation with the IUCN and the WWF. IUCN, WRI and UNEP jointly organized the Bio-Diversity Conservation Strategy Program. NGOS and emancipatory new social movements provide a progressive way forward to more effective and just regulation. Lena Dominelli mentions that initiatives have to be taken to engage in mutual exchanges between local and global players. Locality specific versions of social work was directed to be a resistance to the homogenizing trends embedded in social relations driven by profit motives and the desire of entrepreneurs to appropriate other peoples labor, material resources, geographic spaces and intellectual property. Human, social and environmental degradation is increasing and despite government rhetoric about equal opportunity, elimination of poverty particularly among children within the UK, and on a global scale of twenty-eight billion people expressed and agreed at World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995 and Millennium Development Goals pronounced at the UN. The roles of associations like the IASSW International Association of Schools of Social Work, International Council on Social Work (ICSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), promoting cross border solidarity in matters of this kind. The benefits of globalization have been contested by anti-globalization movements which demanded economic growth should sustain human beings and the environment in which they live rather than gathering profits for the few. International organizations include such as the Red-Cross OXFAM, and the Save the Children are NGOs that practice on issues like poverty, disasters and health matters, mostly associated with aid and relief. The American New Deal under Franklin D. Roosevelt was nearest the USA could come to guaranteeing provision for families with dependent children and for older people. The concerns with extreme levels of deprivation and threat of social disorder and devastation by second world war especially Europe were picked by Roosevelt and other at United Nations and led to an agreement around Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). UDHR covered civil, political and social rights including the right to welfare. In addition to the organizations of the UN system and the Washington-based financial institutions, such as the international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like the Human Rights Watch and CARE, such transnational corporations as Shell and Citibank, and global media like the BBC and CNN exerted a growing influence on state policies, and also brought to a large extent the proliferation in the number of NGOs. The involvements of such actors are basically a part of the good governance agenda. They help especially in the Third World and Eastern Europe to bring about changes, certain scholars have been critical of the World Bank intervention in these countries, and mentioned that instead of good governance, what World Bank policies have led to is bad governance. As such, UN commentary on good governance has led to certain ideas namely, the universal protection of Human Rights; non-discriminatory laws; efficient, impartial and rapid judicial processes; transparent public agencies; ac countability for decisions by public officials; devolution of resources and decision making to local levels from the capital and meaningful participation by citizens in debating public policies and choices.4 A report from UNDPs Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States emphasized the prerequisites for equity, legitimacy and efficiency: A legitimately strong government can be described as one that commands sufficient confidence in its legitimacy to allow for a strong civil society, and for a network of non-governmental institutions and regulations that ensure the development of a well-functioning economic system, the strengthening of democratic procedures and a widespread participation by people in public life. Giving the state a role to play in the domestic arena may lead to capacity building; in such a way there may be more effective partnerships and institutions internationally and at home, emphasized by the World Development Report 1997. UNDP has since the early 1990s shifted from traditional public sector management to addressing sensitive issues of governance as the human rights etc. And thus emphasized on capacity building; with this emphasis on capacity building for civil Weiss, Thomas.G. Governance, Good Governance and Global Governance: Conceptual and Actual Challenges, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 21. No.5. (Oct.2000).pp. 795-814. society and the private sector has mean that the UN system has a comparative advantage in many of the developing countries. Good governance entails the working of state and civil society actors closely together, Mahbub ul Haq has given the concept of good governance as to be directed towards the notion of human development and thereby leading to Humane Governance. This humane governance has also been emphasized by J.A. Scholte in his book Globalization: a critical introduction, he has mentioned the various issues as insecurities, basically as a result of globalization. Such insecurities are not that of traditional security in terms of the military security and defense but this includes that of Ecological integrity, Health, Poverty, Employment, Working conditions and identity and local knowledge. We can make out from these various insecurities that Scholte talked in aspect of social welfare. The emphasis is on the negative impacts of contemporary globalization on human security. ECOLOGY INTERGRITY: The global environmental issues have become a very critical source of insecurity, global capitalism or global races for capital and development have been particularly harmful for the ecology. Such race have particularly been harmful for the countries of the South, since most ministries have abandoned the environmental projects and policies in an effort to achieve the fiscal targets connected with globally sponsored structural adjustment programmes. Environmental issues are a very good example of how local and global forces interact with each other or affect each other. Various movements at the local level for environmental protection have been raised against the global forces which push countries towards the process of development which are harmful to the ecology of the country. To cite an example would be the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) in India. A fight a dam Sardar Sarovar Dam to be built on the river Narmada in Central India, this NBA consisted mostly of peasants and tribals, le d by people like Baba Amte and also later activists like Medha Patkar were successful in fighting against the project which was to be funded by the World Bank. They were successful in stopping the Bank from funding the project and thereby got the project banned. This NBA was able to succeed in their efforts since they were able to well-establish links with environmental groups overseas. The Japanese environmentalists persuaded their government not to advance money for the Narmada Valley Project and also US groups were sympathetic to the cause and were also able to persuade their government to do the same. Support from environmentalist from both these countries also helped to persuade the World Bank to give up on the project.5 Environmental issues in industrialized countries had to do with the quality of life, whereas in Africa, Asia and Latin America it mostly was based on survival, the rights to live and work in a healthy environment, the responsibility to protect habitats, livelihoods and systems of life support from contamination, depletion (extraction), and destruction, and also the determination to restore or rehabilitate what has already been harmed. These are the issues that the countries of the South face in terms of ecology, and more sensitive to this issue have been women, ecofeminism as can been referred to. There are inter-linkages in the experience of grassroots environmental movements worldwide namely: the struggle to save old growth forests in Europe, womens initiatives to secure Rangarajan, Mahesh. Environmental Issues in India, Chap.22. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. safe food supplies in the industrial core of Poland, community efforts in Spain to fight toxic waste dumping, womens movements to retain access to land and forest resources in Kenya, and womens participation in the struggles of the rubber tappers union to protect their forest homes and work places in the Brazilian Amazon.6 Women carry a disproportionate share of responsibilities for resource procurement and environmental maintenance however they have very limited rights to determine the future of resource availability and environmental quality. Women have been at the forefront of emerging grassroots groups, social movements and local political organizations engaged in environmental, socio economic and political struggles. These phenomena are not localized; it is taking place around the world. Sound environmental policies and practice are required in order to achieve sustainable development. In this respect there are certain assumptions that are given: firstly that the involvement of women in collective action around the world, there are critical linkages between global environmental and economic processes and the recent surge in womens participation in public for a, particularly in relation to ecological and economic concern. This surge in womens activism is a response to actual changes in local enviro nmental conditions as well as to discursive shifts toward sustainable development in national and international political circles. Secondly, relates to women are beginning to define their identities and the meaning of gender through expressions of human agency and collective action emphasizing struggles, resistance and cooperation, and also have now included womens knowledge, experience and interests as a worldwide phenomenon, and that the process and results in any one place reflect historical, social and geographical specificity. There are various victories claimed by womens participation in environmental protection at local levels; namely the widespread planting of tress by the Womens Green Belt movement of Kenya, the protection of the Himalayan forests from timber concessionaries by the Chipko Movement in India, in North America grassroots movements led by women have prevented the disposal of toxic wastes. International level organizations that bridge the gap between local and the global have been Womens Congress for a Healthy Planet, WEDO- Women, Environment and Development Organization; WEDNET- Women, Environment and Development Network; and Worldwide Network for women all bring concerns of these locally based movements to national and international policy fora. Global Governance of ecological matters has made notable advances, even though the UN Charter of 1945 did not mention environment, but UN-

Brazil El Alto :: essays research papers

Part B: Dramatic Discussion Biu Thank goodness is carnival time again, and the best part is that this year I’m going to wear a really nice red dress. My belly is not bothering me and my kids are big enough to take care off themselves, they probably will be playing all night on the street along with the other kids of the â€Å"el barrio†. My oldest daughter probably will stay with her boyfriend. Felix I got to work this week, so I’m gona have a wonderful time this carnival weekend, I’ll get drunk and party with my friends, this will be my best carnival ever. Dona Felipa I don’t understand you people. You barely can sustain yourself and when ever you got work at the sugar cane you always spend all your money available. Why don’t you take care of your wife and the son to be born soon. You Biu, I understand that carnival time is very important for us, but I don’t want you to be sick and unable to work for me later on. Felix I respect your point of view Dona Felipa, but even though we are poor, we still have the right to have fun. Carnival week is for everybody here in Brazil, if we can’t have fun on only this sacred week, where else and what else can we do to entertain ourselves. Biu Felix should take care of his family I have a son in my belly from us, from Felix, but I agree that carnival time is for party and is for everybody to enjoy. We are so poor and miserable that carnival is the only thing no body can take away from us. We live in misery, we don’t have nor running water nor clean water, we even don’t eat regularly, but carnival time is a brief moment for us to escape our reality, our miserable reality, if we cant have that little thing, we might kill ourselves as well. Felix Some day, I’ll be rich enough to be able to enjoy carnival where the rich people go. I’ll mingle with the government and high society people of the Alto. Someday my woman will never have to work again. Someday my woman will never have to wash clothes for others never again. Dona Felipa I think Felix, that you are a good man, and you want the best for yourself and for your family. But I think you are a fool by thinking in that way.

Some medical problems

The majority of people have noticed that a lot of diseases are associated with different types of lifestyle. Recently, people begin to be aware from these types of lifestyle because it can cause a lot of diseases, such as heart diseases which are very common in US. There are several causes for this problem. Such as eating fast food, smoking and deficiency of exercise.Consuming fast food is very common in US because the majority of people are very busy and they do not want to west their time by making healthy food because It takes long time to cook it. As a result, the average of having a high rate of cholesterol is increasing which causes the heart disease. Not only does eating fast food cause heart disease, but it also causes obesity Many of people in US smoke which is a very bad habit and causes heart disease.Not only does smoke cause heart disease, but it also is very harmful for people who are close by smokers. The us government works very hard to reduce the number of smokers bec ause there are a lot of effects that smoking make, like polluting the air, increasing the rate of deaths and wasting a lot of money for treatments of heart disease. Deficiency of exercise is a factor in heart disease because a body needs to move recently to keep it active, so everyone should do exercises regularly.In fact, doing exercises In the morning Is the best time because at that time the alarm Is very fresh. Many of organizations in US try to encourage people to do exercise and keep themselves more movable. I have noticed that there are a lot of facilities that is built by the US government to make people walk and do exercises like sides walk and parks. However, in different countries do not have these facilities. Finally, US government works very hard to avoid increasing the rate of heart disease.

What Is Hiv / Aids - 2952 Words

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HIV is a very young, still poorly understood virus. It was first clinically observed in the summer of 1981 in San Francisco, where it was spotted as a type of sarcoma, mostly spotted in the gay population. Huge misunderstanding of the disease in the beginning of the global epidemic was prevalent [2]. Back then, a general sentiment about HIV was that of a â€Å"rather devastating outbreak† [2] and of association of this disease with homosexuality and drug use (to the point of declaring the disease notShow MoreRelatedWhat Is A Cure For HIV-AIDS?799 Words   |  4 PagesDespite of the irrevocable efficacy of cART, therapy is not a cure for HIV-AIDS, as interruption of treatment inevitably lead to viral rebound in most individuals (Davey et al., 1999). HIV/SIV persistence in the form of latently infected cells that decayed very slowly was demonstrated using the PBMCs isolated from patients (Finzi et al., 1997, Finzi et al., 1999, Siliciano et al., 2003). 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