Lamarcus Adna Thompson

?2009 The most influencing person in my life would have to be the inventor of the first gravity-powered roller coaster in the United States by LaMarcus Adna Thompson, also known as the â€Å"Father of the Gravity Ride† for his Switchback Railway at Coney Island, New York City and became famous for the Scenic Railway on the Boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1887. Thompson was born on March 8, 1848 in Jersey, Ohio. At the age of 12, he built a butter churn and an oxcart, and was a master carpenter by the age of 17. In 1866, Thompson graduated from Hillsdale College in Michigan. He worked in a wagon and carriage business then made a mint for the manufacture of seamless women’s hosiery. In the early 1880s, Thompson almost had a nervous breakdown and thus sold his share in the hosiery business and returned to his first passion of inventing. Thompson was inspired by the designs of other inventors and the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway in Pennsylvania. In 1884 in Coney Island, he had successfully built his version of the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway, which he just simply called it, the Switchback Railway. Within the next four years, he had built about fifty railways all over the nation and in Europe. As more sophisticated coasters were beginning to be built, Thompson’s business was starting to go downhill. So Thompson paired up with James A. Griffiths, a designer, and produced his most famous attraction the Scenic Railway in 1887. It was a rolling tour of some elaborate artificial scenery with vividly colored tableaus, biblical scenes and flora-illuminated by lights triggered by approaching cars. This ride was the foundation of the Space Mountain of Disneyland in Anaheim, CA and other theme park journeys. Between the Switchbacks and his death on May 8, 1919, in Glen Cove, New York, Thompson had built many other scenic railways such as the masterpiece of faux-mountain and the Egyptian imagery in Venice, CA in 1910, which faced competition with his old partner James A. Griffiths. After he retired, he still patented an automatic car coupler and sold the invention to railroad car manufacturer, George Pullman. After Thompson’s death his legacy still ived through the Thompson company coasters, notably the Bobs, which was later renamed the Tornado, built at Coney Island in 1926. From then on, many coasters have been built and thought of. They are very intricate designs and have to be precise otherwise someone will get hurt. There are two types of roller coasters, steel and wooden. Steel roller coasters are known for their smooth riding usually taking the riders upside down, i n cork screws, etc. Some of the designs for the tracks are dwelling, figure 8, inverted, launched, shuttle, side friction, spinning and twister roller coasters. The most popular coasters are the floorless, flying, stand-up, suspended swing, and the Virginia Reel. LaMarcus Adna Thompson has influenced me more than I realized. My dream out of college is to become a roller coaster designer and if he had never invented the Switchback Railway I probably would be pursuing another career. I hope to be as successful as he was. I have learned to still be positive and stay focused on my goals in life now because the choices I make now will affect the way my future is played out. Like school for instance, I need to keep my grades up even though I have only one year left of high school. One bad grade could greatly decrease my chances of going to a college of my choice rather than a college I have to go to because I have no other offers. Even if Thompson almost had a nervous breakdown he still has inspired me to keep moving forward and to find comfort in the things that I find enjoyable. Yes, he did sell his part of the business but I would rather give up my part, than to bring everyone else down with me because that wouldn’t be fair to them. I understand more now than I ever did that when you fail it’s only an obstacle in your path that when you overcome it, you become even stronger than before. You become more creative and see the things in life with a totally different perspective than you would’ve thought of before. Now that I have grown to become a better person to find the good in everything I do and to pursue my dreams with my chin up high even though I know that I will get shut out every now and then. But that only means that greater things for me are to come in the mere future.

Norse, Teutonic, or Scandinavian mythology Essay

   Thought (Hugin) and Memory (Munin) were the two ravens that went unto the world to observe and return to tell of what all men do, Driven by further search for knowledge, Odin begged Mimir, the wise, to allow him to drink from the well of wisdom, for this he consented to lose an eye. â€Å"Wounded I hung on wind swept gallows For nine long nights, Pierced by a spear, pledged to Odin, Offered myself to myself: The wisest know not from whence spring The roots of that ancient rood. They gave me no bread, they gave me no mead: I looked down; with a loud cry I took up the runes and I fell. † (The Elder Edda 56) Here we find Odin once more sacrificing himself for knowledge, In The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology it is said that Odin actually died on the gallows of Yggdrasil, that he traversed Nifleheim, or Hel in order to obtain the nine sacred runes, that seem to be extremely powerful as described in The Elder Edda. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology adds yet another theory to Odin hanging himself, † The parallel between Odin’s voluntary death on Yggdrasil and the crucifixion remains striking. Odin was pierced with a spear and like Christ, cried out before he died†¦ there is little doubt that his hanging on the cosmic tree had pre-Christian origins and derived from ancient pagan worship. Odin had long been the god of the spear, the god of the hanged. † This could definitely be determined as less than speculation, seeing as we must rely on our sources and to this point one could say that this is a very valid and well thought out work. Regardless of minor differences in text again we must as they did default ourselves to the larger span of information. There were two different groups of gods in Scandinavian Mythology, The Aesir and the Vanir. Each having their own respective dwelling place, Asgard for the Aesir, and Vanaheim for the Vanir. Of the two, The Vanir have been said to be the older. â€Å"Unlike the warrior Aesir, the Vanir were a race of gods associated with fertility, wealth, and good weather. † (The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology 500) Among the Vanir were, Njord, the sea and fortune god, Skadi, the god of destruction, Freyja, the goddess of love, and Freyr the god of Fertility. Among the Aesir were, Odin, Balder, Bragi, Forseti Heimdall, Hodr, Thor, Tyr, Vili, Ve, Vidar, Frigg, Sif, and Idun. At one point in time there was a great war between these two branches of gods, yet both the Aesir, and the Vanir came to terms by exchanging several prominent gods of each side. The Vanir sent Njord, Freyr, Freyja, and Kvasir, while the Aesir sent Mimir, and Honir. The Vanir soon found that they got the bad end of the deal due to the fact that Mimir was the only one who knew what he was talking about, and that in his absence Honir, wasn’t really that bright. The Vanir then sliced of Mimir’s head and sent it back to Asgard, where Odin used Powerful magic to allow Mimir’s head to speak. Little else is known of the Vanir, they seemed to lose importance quickly after it was concluded that the war was resolved however it was noted that Vanaheim, was potentially unaffected by Ragnarok. This shows evidence of two religions colliding with Scandinavian and Germanic mythology. Revealing to us that Scandinavian mythology has most definately influenced by other ancient tales and stories. (Cherry, Vanaheim) Scandinavian mythology might have been the inspiration to several works of modern day literature. It is Nicole Cherry’s opinion that â€Å"Tolkien was very well acquainted with the northern mythos, as can be seen by the use of it in his books. The name of one of his main characters, Gandalf, is found in The Poetic Edda. Gandalf is, in some ways, reminiscent of Odin, the leader of the Norse pantheon. Even the name Middle-earth, the setting for Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, comes from Norse mythology. † There are several other modern day works of literature based on or derived from Scandinavian mythology as well, such as, The Ring of the Nibelung and The Nibelungenlied. These works, may well show the effect and legacy of Scandinavian Mythology in the World. Another notable element of Tolkein’s Lord of The Rings was his use of the ring itself to the Viings the ring meant wealth honor fame and destiny. It was in fact a tradition to give rings to neighboring countries, bringing to notice the ever prominent focal point of the Lord of the Rings. (Day 29) There is no Heaven or Hell in Scandinavian mythology, the only hope is to be brought up to Asgard by a Valkyrie or â€Å"Battle Maiden†. Even then those chosen or the Einherjar (The Heroic dead) faced defeat at Ragnarok in the Final Battle on the Vigrid Plain. This may be unlike any other focal point of religion known. It reasons in many ways that the only way to gain honor is to die in battle unfaltering. Scandinavian Mythology, although comparable to other religions or other pagan beliefs is an original and unique work of the Norwegians, Swedish, Icelandic, and Danish peoples of Europe. Hamilton describes it justly by saying, † Asgard, the home of the gods, is unlike any other heaven men have dreamed of. No radiancy or joy is in it, no assurance of bliss, it is a grave and solemn place, over which hangs the threat of inevitable doom†¦ the same is true for humanity†¦ this conception of life which underlies Norse religion, as somber a conception the human mind has ever given birth to†¦ A heroic death†¦ is not a defeat, but a triumph. † Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE JRR Tolkien section.   

English Track Paper

Even as an early age, I was always hypnotized whenever I watched any sport. It was as if I were starring at a wizard’s enchanted globe. I remember being fascinated with the skills demonstrated by athletes in their particular arena of sports. Whether it was good dribbling skills of a basketball player, great footwork of a boxer, or incredible running power of a running back, any athlete with a good amount of skill was able to enslave my attention. My dad first encouraged my passion for sports at the age of 5. I remember watching basketball, football, boxing, track, tennis, and other sports in the living room with him. On the weekends, my dad would always spend a couple of hours throwing the football, shooting a few hoops, and racing to see who was the fastest with me. This not only fueled the flame of my sports passion, but it sowed the seeds of growth in my young physical and mental well-being. To me, my dad is like a great scientist or teacher when he introduced me to the concept that good physical and mental fitness go hand-in-hand. Even though I am an avid fan of many sports, the one I actively participated in was track. I ran track during my middle and high school years. During my middle school years, I was a decent track runner as most middle school students are. When I reached high school, I was an ok runner at first, nothing exceptional. Then my parents made the decision that would bring my running game to the next level and I didn’t even know it. During the summer after my sophomore year, my parents decided to enroll me in K-Y track club. It was basically a summer league track team that competed with other local and regional teams. When they first told me, I wanted to stage violent protests and start a bloody revolution. I was thinking, I don’t want to run in the summertime you idiots! If you think it’s such a good idea why don’t you get out there and run! † I thought to myself, wishing I had the guts to say it to my parents. Despite my protests, I was forced to go. Little did I know I was going to meet another one of my great teacher of sports; Coach Willie. Coach Willie is a well known and respected track coach in the Baton Rouge and surrounding areas. He has been coaching track for several years, and has coached several local, regional, and national champions. He was one of the greatest and most knowledgeable athletic teachers and trainers I have ever met. He re-programmed my running game to give it maximum efficiency and output, as he has done for several kids. The road to improvement was not easy; I had no clue of what I was in for during the first day of practice. The first practice took place by memorial stadium in Baton Rouge. After running many laps around the stadium, running up and down the hills the surround it, and numerous other sprints and exercises, I threw up which was usually a sign that I had a good practice, learned something, and was ready to go home. I asked one of the other kids a seasoned veteran of Coach Willie was it time to go home. He looked and laughed and said, â€Å"Practice just started that was just warm-up exercises. † I think I was too shocked to faint at first. â€Å"Just a warm-up! School track practice wasn’t this hard! † Now I really hated my parents, what kind of death-camp had they signed me up for?! I could have just gotten a job! This is pretty much how the first half of the summer went. I would wake-up thinking of a lie that could get me out of practice for the day. Try the lie on a parent, have lie fail and have to go to practice anyway. While at practice, would engage in what Coach Willie termed â€Å"up-grading† and â€Å"re-building†. Up-grading ourselves from the laziness we had acquired in his absence and re-building ourselves from the current level of garbage we were at, to the machines we should be. â€Å"I’m actually saving your lives. † Coach Willie would say as he walked watching us practicing and training with sweat-drenched bodies. â€Å"You should be paying me a hundred thousand, no a million dollars for even being out here looking at y’all. Not to mention getting you right† He would shout as he watched us from behind his aviator shades, barking commands as he watched us get in training formations like an army of well-muscled children soldiers. We were trained to be the most lethal competitors that stepped on the track at any meet we went to, to kill and dismember competition with no remorse. â€Å"Training and attitude separates winners and losers ladies and gentlemen. † Coach Willie would preach while bearing down us from beneath those shades, his silver-whistles hanging from his neck, reminding me of a slave-master’s whip. Every time he blew it, the mass of us would change exercises, or slow down or speed-up while running, mostly speed-up. For me the first half of the summer was brutal, not to mention the track meets. Whereas the competition in my school district had been kind of good the completion in summer league track was next level. I mean fourteen, fifteen and sixteen year olds were walking around reminding me of Nazi experimental super-soldiers. Every race I ran in I was pretty much punished and embarrassed. By the time the fifth or sixth meet came, Coach Willie had begun to give me a few pointers during practice and he began to gradually bring the dog in me out. I was a sprinter so he helped with getting a good start or â€Å"getting out of the starting blocks good† in track-talk. â€Å"A good start can win the first 40 yards of the 400 meter dash. So being able to get out the blocks smoothly is important† Coach Willie told me, he trained me on that and maintaining explosiveness of my speed during the race. I also begin to push myself and train a little harder during practice. It was difficult at first, but I began to notice the pointers Coach Willie was giving me would always shave a second or mille-second off my running time. I went from being last in the races, to being second-to-last, to being third-to-last, and so on. I knew I had truly made improvement when I placed third at a meet. Yes, I was actually in the top three and not last for once! I was ecstatic! Right about that time the summer track season was ending and school was re-starting. I was surprised to see myself actually feeling regret that summer-league season was over. When school track season started back I had forgotten that the competition in our school district was not on the same level as the competition in summer league track. I had gotten used to competing against some seriously good runners. The first day of track practice bore a hint of what was to come. When I emerged on the football field, which was where we practiced, something was different about me. My eyes had keen and dark look of wolf, my walk was well-coordinated like a boxer. My face bore a mean frown. My teammates watched as I stripped out of my tracksuit to warm-up. Eyes widened, jaws dropped, where there had been a skinny wimp now stood a finely-muscled, well-trained, running-assassin. I began to institute my new world order in our school track district. I quickly began decapitating the competition in track meets. I went from being a joke to being feared on the track, every meet I left opponents disemboweled on the track, showing no remorse or mercy. My teammates began to do better also; it was like we fed off each other’s dark energy. An energy which I was the first to bring to the team. It was like I was the leader of a ruthless band of mercenary and we fulfilled only the highest contracts. I remember wishing I could make a belt or necklace with the heads of fallen opponents. At the peak of my track career I was third in our school-district among sprinters. This was pretty good to me seeing as how far I had come and that the other two guys on top were very good. All of this change I owed to Coach Willie. This taught to fight and leave it all on the field in life and sports. To never give less than 100%. I owe Coach Willie much thanks, I’m glad he put that competitive attitude in me. To always be willing to out-fight, out-think, out-train, and out-work my opponent. Always try harder. Lock on it like a pit-bull terrier. This is one of the many reasons I love sports, I love when it comes down to the wire, when athletes give it their all and it is pound-for-pound, blow-for-blow, that is where training and attitude come into play, which is what sports and life is all about.

International Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Banking - Essay Example The 2008 crisis is considerably the first crisis in the era of globalization, as caused by a number of factors which include funding liquidity, and market liquidity (Kolb, 2009, p. 10). Funding liquidity is the availability of sufficient cash in the capital deposit of a financial institution. This means that funding liquidity risks occur whenever banks cannot fund their own businesses. Market liquidity, on the other hand, takes into considerations issues to do with trade institutions which are easily able to do business within the available markets; therefore, market liquidity risk factors are the difficult situations when any market is not sufficient enough for easy trade activities (Pedersen, 2008, p. 13). The roles of Funding Liquidity and Market Liquidity in the 2008 Crisis According to Strahan Philip (2012), funding liquidity risks and market liquidity risks contributed much to the occurrence of the 2008 financial and economic downturn. Towards the end of 2007 and the beginning of 2008, the consequences of banks giving liquidity to loaners and creditors in the world’s leading economies was felt throughout the globe. The banks in the USA began lending loan liquidity to people; this led to weakening of their capital bases. It additionally exposed banks to funding liquidity risks, which eventually lead to bank runs. ... This saw the JP Morgan Chase bank running out of cash in its deposit pots. The issue of securitization is another cause of the financial crisis. American banks came into one pool in order to create a sense of security while giving out irresponsible loans. This proved dangerous since the banks gave out risky loans to many individuals who could not afford to service these loans at high interest rates as was expected of them (Pinyo, 2008, pp. 1-6). Due to runs, the banking institutions got involved into the trend of cash borrowing in order to create more securitization. As a consequence, property prices started fluctuating, thereby causing panic even in the Sub-prime mortgage market (Rhodes & Stelter, 2010, p. 32). Banks that did not have enough cash in their accounts began repossessing their high value properties such as buildings. Bigger banks, on the other hand, started to buy securities from the minor banking institutions with the intentions of saving the economic situation as had p revailed. However, this instead resulted into greater damages within the real world economy (Weisberg, 2010, p. 46). At far, all these economic turnovers resulted into funding liquidity risks and market liquidity risks within the banks themselves, hence scaring away a number of investors who then reacted by withdrawing their deposits; and thus, commodities prices fell to the extreme levels. The chart below indicates Liquidity Spiral as caused by the market and funding liquidity risks. Sources: (Pedersen, & Garlean, 2007; Pedersen, & Brunnermeier, 2008) How to measure bank funding liquidity risk and market liquidity risk There are several ways of measuring funding

Does Religion Cause War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Does Religion Cause War - Research Paper Example Even though America was highly secular until recent times, it changed its secular face after 9/11 World Trade Center attack by Al Qaida. Christianity is slowly taking control of American politics now and the rise of the concept of Christian Right is clearly underlines above belief. The ongoing war on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq are motivated culturally rather than politically which is evident from the words of American political leaders itself. In Palestine - Israeli conflict also, religion plays an important role. The conflicts between India and Pakistan also believed to be the clashes between Hindus and Muslims. In short, the involvement of religion in many of the ongoing wars is evident to everybody now. Even though political and religious leaders deny such religious involvement in wars, nobody can deny the fact that wars between similar communities are not occurring whereas wars between different communities or religion are going on now. This paper explores the extent of relig ious involvement in some of the ongoing wars.The importance of religion in human life cannot be denied under any circumstances because of the huge contributions it provided to the development of human life in different periods of time in the past. In fact religion is the only entity which forces the people to maintain certain morality and ethics in life. While science and technology stressed the importance of human life in this world, religions give more emphasize to the life after death. Majority of the religions describe our earthly life as only a temporary assignment. Moreover religions ask its believers to lead a peaceful and sin free life in this world to achieve permanent or eternal life after death. In short, religions were perceived as the symbols of peace and harmony in the past. However, the scenario has changed a lot in the recent past. â€Å"Since September 11, 2001, there has been a revival of the discussion of the just war theory by theologians, as well as political t heorists, social philosophers, and the like†(Ali, 2009, p.241). Many of the current sociologists, philosophers, politicians and psychologists are of the view that the major reason behind recent wars was cultural rather than political or economic. According to the prominent American political scientist of the modern era, Samuel Hutington, â€Å"the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict are cultural. The clash of civilizations is dominating current global politics† (Hutington,1993, p.22). In short, the involvement of religions in politics is causing major problems like wars, according to many scholars. III. Literature Review: a. The role of Christianity in causing wars According to Kyle (2007), American secularism is undergoing drastic changes in recent times. Many of the theologians and other religious leaders are of the view that America was established on Christian principles and that it is a Christian nation with a special mission. However, the concept of a Christian America has been hijacked by the secularists and feminists in recent times (Kyle, 2007). According to Ray Moore, president of Exodus Mandate, a South Carolina-based group which organizes home-schooling for Christian children, â€Å"

Discuss the limitations of Becken and Simmons' (2008) approach to Essay

Discuss the limitations of Becken and Simmons' (2008) approach to yield analysis AND discuss ways in which their model might be developed further - Essay Example In tourism, yield can mean the profit or revenue incurred from hosting the different visitor types. In order to achieve sustainable yield, three dimensions; social, economic and ecological yields need to be combined to a single yield measure (Becken and Simmons, 2008). This has been shown to be impossible as there is no suitable methodology to merge these yields. Becken and Simmons (2008) further explained that the research focused on the financial aspect in terms of yield to measure the private sector tourism yield. To calculate the financial yield, the researchers used individual sectors like hotels that the tourists visited and did not consider the financial impacts of tourism on the societies, nations or the environment. Tourism has both the public and private components and as such it is difficult to assess tourism sustainability. This represents a limitation as it this mix is complex and difficult to cumulatively assess (Becken and Simmons, 2008). The research used the transport and accommodation details of the visitors to identify the tourist types. The types that were identified as a result were; backpackers, campers, home visitors, free independent travelers and coachers. Out of these, the researchers were unable to determine the tourist types of 16% of the sample and as a result, they excluded this number from the database (Becken and Simmons, 2008). This percentage represents a significant number of tourists and is therefore a significant loss for the research. According to Becken and Simmons (2008), the research also focused on the emission of carbon dioxide gas or greenhouse gas emission as the ecological only impact of tourism. This is a limitation, as they needed to assess other environmental impacts of tourism like the impact of tourism on ecological resources like water and soil conservation. Tourism has economic, environmental and

Change Reseach Project part 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change Reseach Project part 2 - Research Paper Example Significant changes will take place in this industry, since its rational property rights are being brought on course in line with those of the key economies in the world. The change from near-perfect contest with homogenous and cost controlled drugs to a market with patent controlled products is an effective domination in several sub-markets, will bring forth an extreme shift in the form of contest. This paper uses the Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. to issue a clear depiction an approach to strategic innovation management, on which to develop capabilities and from which to control change, which can form a guide for companies arranging for this change. The Management of Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry – Janssen Pharmaceutical Inc.; Part II Chapter 1 Introduction Acquisitions, mergers, globalization, outsourcing and fresh technology are the major terms used to describe pharmaceutical changes. This clearly implies that the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is experiencing extreme change. The present environment is one of joining and rising cultures as firms merge workforces and globalize processes in order to have a strong competitive advantage and compete in the global market field. Approximately 70 percent of the corporate change plans fail, writes Bill Wilder, director of the Life Cycle Institution (Greene and Podolsky 2009). This is definitely, because pharmaceutical manufacturing industry concentrates too much on products and processes, but forgets to focus on people. There is no doubt that people usually do not oppose change. They only thing they do, they oppose being changed when they do not know why. This is why there is a lot that must be comprehended and done in order to enforce change and succeed. There are a number of strategies that must be employed in order to embrace change (Lewi 2007). One of the main one is merging of firms, which has to be done through integrating both their products and their cultures. At the same time, there must be lessening of cost and maintaining control over their quality systems and authoritarian conformity. Besides, the initiation of new technologies, which little and sometimes, effective firms must also control within their quality schemes across a range of service providers and partners (Liberti, McAuslane and Walker 2011). With all these changes, the criticality of an effective change-management scheme that can track and make sure appropriate assessment and implementation of changes is done. Envision a change-management scheme as graph simplicity of accomplishment on the X-axis and the complexity on the change Y-axis, it becomes simple to visualize why certain modifications may take years to implement as seen on the figure below (figure 1). As a modification becomes more complicated –like modifications, that entails numerous products and country registrations), it becomes difficult to bring to pass (Marcia 2004). Complicated changes are hard enough for an individual firm wit h several sites, but they are even more overstated for practical firms. For the latter, multiple bond service providers

Individual - Videoconference Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual - Videoconference - Assignment Example The manager should be able to define the project success standards by identifying the various stakeholders involved which include those that are directly affected by the project, persons who sponsor the project implementation and the society at large (Journal, 2013). This will aid the business to upsurge its market share, meet the customer targets by attaining specific standards, the firm will also be able to increase its revenues since they can achieve the target sales while maintaining the customer satisfaction and keeping up with the industry and state standards. However the problem exist since some goals will be given more priority than others as there will be a trade-off of the choices. But the business goal must be decided since it is only rational to determine direct issues that will affect sales and improve revenue. Second, project manager should allow degree of freedom, project animators and decide on the restraints. Constraints are the limited resource available while the motivators are those factors that initiates a faster result of the project and freedom allows for adjustments during the project cycle (Charrel & Galarreta, 2007). This factor is advantageous to the company’s projects to be stretchy so that it can be successful. None the less, allowing too much flexibility may lead to wide deviations from the project objectives and should only be allowed at minimum levels. This factor has the rationale that if one direction is bound to fail, the manager can find other alternatives to remedy the situations while maintaining the project desires. Third, the manager should set achievable goals and avoid impossibilities. This is done by negotiations by consumers, managers of the organizations and all the staff members involved on the realistic targets to work on while keeping a good demand and forecast predictions about the future (Kerzner & Learning, 2013). This will enable the company to solve problems

Physiology and Pharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Physiology and Pharmacology - Essay Example The results of Schild analysis reveal that the drug homatropine is a competitive antagonist for acetylcholine, both competing exclusively for the muscarinic type cholinergic receptors. The Schild plot slope derived has a perfect unity value leading strongly to this conclusion. This also reveals that both agonist and antagonist compete exclusively for the same subtype of receptors without either getting involved with any other subtypes. The report concludes that this research has been relatively successful and thinks that this is of some value as it is highly essential to use such research as this to disclose the particular nature of the drug so that its pharmacology can be successfully implemented. Cholinergic receptor cell types are two – muscarinic and nicotinic. The muscarinic receptors, so called because of their response to muscarine, are to be found mainly in the post-ganglionic parasympathetic effector sites and also in the autonomic ganglion and adrenal medulla. In the latter parts of the nervous system they modulate nicotinic receptor mediated effects (Brown and Taylor, 1996, pp. 142-143). Atropine (dl-Hyoscyamine) and the semi-synthetic homatropine (isopto-atropine) are known muscarinic receptor anatagonists that are usually tertiary amines well able to be absorbed and infiltrate the central nervous system. Nevertheless, they can be converted into the quarternary form by addition of a methyl group to the nitrogen. In this form they are more potent as muscarinic blockers and have increased ganglionic blocking action. Permanently charged quarternary agents do not significantly intrude into the CNS and have limited action there (Brown and Taylor, 1996, pp. 149-150). The atropine/homatropine muscarinic receptor type antagonists have specific depolarization (late EPSP) action in autonomic ganglia. The molecular effects are stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC) with formation of inositol-1, 4, 5 triphosphate () and

Police Actions & Courts Procedures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Police Actions & Courts Procedures - Assignment Example It is a legal, moral, ethical imperative, and also a practical requirement in law enforcement. Respecting and upholding human rights by the police promotes successful legal prosecutions in court, public confidence and community policing. The police forces are considered to be part of the community and the social function they perform is viewed as valuable (Taylor, 2003). Knowledge of human rights put policemen in a closer relationship with the community, and this makes them capable of preventing and solving crimes through proactive policing. This promotes peaceful complaints and conflicts resolution. It is true to say that the court has put adequate measures to protect citizens from overzealous police officers. The courts have clearly laid down frameworks that define the legal rules for police officers to use their powers (Denning, 2012). The courts have also recommended the review and investigations of police officers who have cases of brutality against members of the public. In small police departments, sergeants’ investigates the complaints filed by civilians against police officers. However, in large police departments, the Internal Affairs Division (IAD) will investigate cases filed by civilians against law enforcers. The reports and reviews are submitted to the Chief of Police who disciplines the incriminated police officers. The Supreme Court’s case involving the Fourth Amendment’s veto on irrational searches fails to clearly differentiate between a routine search for marijuana or stolen goods and a preventive search for anthrax vial or a bomb. In addition to that, the government must have a probable cause and the belief that the intended search would expose evidences of crime before obtaining a wiretap, searching a dwelling or doing a thorough check in a car (Welty, 2012).. These rules and regulations do not make sense since the rationale of conducting the search is to prevent

Most serious hindrance to international cooperation regarding human Essay

Most serious hindrance to international cooperation regarding human development, climate change, and resource depletion - Essay Example At one end China is becoming the manufacturing hub of world’s big industries and at the other end, the role of China regarding climate change has become more important on international screen. In fact the process of internationalization and globalization has made the international cooperation through suitable channels a necessity for the economies. However, international cooperation which deals with the development in different fields of life has itself become a global issue. There are various concerns and problems which hinder the progress of international cooperation especially regarding human development, climate change and resource depletion. Much has been achieved through international cooperation however, many economies remain off track. It is very significant to learn the factors which have been contributing to hinder the progress of international cooperation especially in the area of human development, climate change and resource depletion. The world economy is a build ing block of various social classes which differ based on their income levels, races, religions etc. To reduce the conflicts and to ensure the sovereignty of every nation, the nation-state system has been introduced however; the increasing globalization is contributing to the unification of world. The major reason which is generally considered to be the major source of hindrance in international cooperation is the self-interest of every nation. When these interests conflict, the issues of inequalities and sovereignty become dominant. The developing countries in the pursuit of expanding their economic activities give very low priority to climate change and environment conservation. Therefore, the approaches which are being used by developed states cannot be used in the developing states and the collaboration gap expands. Dvorsky (2010) has identified the five reasons because of which the Copenhagen Climate Conference failed. He has identified that nation states do not like to be told what to do. Therefore, the economies who consider â€Å"maintaining trade balance† as their top priority and â€Å"climate change† as their last priority cannot change their priorities after an international conference on climate change. The cultural conflicts between the developed and developing states largely hinders the international cooperation especially regarding human development. Japan is actively involved in international cooperation regarding human development through technical cooperation and educational cooperation. From Japan’s perspective international cooperation in education is important because education shapes the foundation of an individual and at large foundation of a nation thereby, contributes to economic and social development. On the other hand, Kenya society identifies the various differences between modern education introduced by colonial government and traditional education formed by tribal societies. These differences are related to objectives, methods, contents and attitudes between two educational systems. The government of Kenya took this matter very seriously as it was increasing cultural conflict in the society. Like Kenya, the other countries which have been forced to adapt the modern education system have faced such cultural conflicts

Gender Economics in Turkey

Gender Economics in Turkey Elif Çolak Informal Economy; Under Participation Trap; Added Worker Effect This paper will look at the gender issues by focusing more on female side. Women in Informal Economy Worldwide, women’s involvement in the informal economy has increased since the early 1980s, as economic restructuring reduced job opportunities in the formal sector, increased the flexibility and casualness of labor markets, and increased the need for additional family income. There is a strong association between women’s employment and production for exports with the liberalization of the economy in Turkey. The number of women engaged in informal activities grown dramatically with the increasing influence of economic liberalization and flexible working conditions. Women’s work in exporting industries has been a center of major interest since the early 1980s women emerged as an important labor supply especially for the garment industry, but their integration into the production has remained informal and mostly made invisible through the utilization of familial relations in small-scale workshops. It also brings harsh working condition and low wages which allow the se sectors to become competitive. Unregistered economy refers to the legal economic activities which are not recorded officially to reduce production cost and aim tax evasion. Workplaces in unregistered economy are generally smaller in terms of scale; low wages are given to workers. There is an arbitrariness to recruit or fire workers. In rural area, TUÄ °K considers a category of unpaid family worker as employed and the majority of women, who are not registered to any social security institution, work as unpaid family worker. If we consider non-agriculture area, women mostly work as a regular employee and casual employee in unregistered economy. Self employment means that their payments depend on the profit of directly produced goods. They can make decision over operational activities. We can consider traditional handicraft activities under this category. Women who get specific order for dressmaking or handicraft works. They can decide about the finishing time of work and their payments after work. Other home- based work includes the piecework for subcontractor or another mediator. From 2004 to 2013, 5,19% of women on average work at the home. http://www.birlesikmetal.org/kitap/kitap_03/2003-1.pdf http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13590 They arrive the conclusion that women are not willingly accept these jobs but they are forced to accept. Due to gender-related point of view, women workers are more prone to be abused by their employers. They work for below official minimum wage and face with harsh conditions at work. They feel helpless and despair due to the behaviors of employers and treatment in the working place. Under Participation Trap To define what the under participation trap means, we should look at the different factors which create this trap in relation to each other. Firstly, we consider the women with low levels of education. Most of them are likely to work in the informal sector with low wages that are lesser than the payment given to domestic workers to do housework or childcare. Labor supply turns into be very low considering these issues. With the belief that girls will not have a chance to participate in labor market with high wages, families may want to invest lesser for the educations of girls. At this point, it creates a cycle, known as the under participation trap, that girls education contributes to keeping wages low so that it will keep labor supply low. (World Bank Report 2009, 21) If we look at segmentation of labor market, we can see that formal sectors have higher productivity than informal sector and offer slightly above minimum wages. Returns to both education and experience are higher in formal sector again. However, the choice of working in informal sectors occurs due to exclusion of low educated women in formal sectors. Very low wages in informal sector lead to low levels of labor supply. There are also very little transaction of low educated women from informal sector to formal sector. Women who work in informal economy face with the lack of social security problem which force them to quit job. There are employment possibilities which offer limited range of work in textile industry, domestic service or retail activities for low educated women. When we look at TUIK data for the reasons of being out of labor force among women, the most important reason is that majority of them are busy with household works along the day. However, when we turn our interest to men, there is no percentage given to household works. The retirement or being students become the important reason for being out of labor force for men. Women are considered as housewives who have more time to dedicate for care giving and house works. This perception also brings some disadvantages to women such as dependence to men, lack of social security, or low self esteem. In the patriarchal family setting, men also see their household activity as an easy job with more spare time at home. Poorly educated women face with the cultural as well as economic barriers which prevent them to participate in the labor market. Former barrier includes the women’s role as care givers and family pressure. Latter barrier includes women’s participation in informal sector with low salaries and long working hours. Mothering and childcare are also other important determinants for female labor force participation. Mothers do not want to leave their kids alone so they need to stay at home to take care of them. In addition to this, they cannot afford to hire someone as a babysitter. â€Å"Participants mentioned they would need to pay at least 500 TL monthly to hire somebody to take care of their children. To afford this, they would need to find a job that would pay them more than 1,500 TL,†¦, was beyond what they could earn given their skills and education level.† (World Bank Report 2009, 20) Added Worker Effect Discouraged Worker Effect after Crisis Added worker effect means that if the unemployment of one spouse leads other spouse to increase his/her labor supply. We need to focus whether women have an incentive to participate in labor force when their husbands involuntarily lose their jobs. Due to the fact that my focus is on the crisis period, family members may also lose their hopes to find job which creates discouraged worker effect. The discouraged worker effects leads to hidden unemployment of the people who want to work but do not look for a job. Therefore, the actual unemployment rates can be underestimated with the dominance of this latter effect. (BaÃ…Å ¸levent and Onaran 2003, 441) To analyze how women react to crisis period in Turkey, Cem BaÃ…Å ¸levent and Ãâ€"zlem Onaran looked at the Turkish Household Survey data from October rounds of 1988 and 1994 period. In 1994, crisis period, Turkish lira was depreciated by more than 50 per cent and by the end of the year, Turkish economy is contracted approximately 6 per cent. (BaÃ…Å ¸levent and Onaran 2003, 441) They analyze difference between two years and compare outcomes according to the effect of economic crisis in 1994. They use the regression of female labor force participation (FLFP) on different groups’ unemployment rates and the other factors. They look at the variables such as education, number of children, and age of women to understand the relationship between these variables and dependent variable FLFP. The number of children has a significant negative effect on the FLFP although it has no significant effect on male labor force participation. Only exception for the effect on MLFP is that i f children’s ages are between 6 and 14, then employment rate of husbands increased due to the expenses of school age children. If married women have fewer children, they have a tendency to participate in labor force. Their conclusion is derived from the fact that while there is no significant correlation between 1988 data for added worker effect and discouraged worker affect, they find statistically significant result for added worker affect of the married women in currency crisis in 1994 which had negative correlation with discouraged worker effect. In other words, it can be concluded that the added worker effects dominates the discouraged worker effect by looking at 1994 crisis. Their expectation, not analyzed in their research, is that added worker effect could be more dominant than discouraged worker effect for women due to the positive influence of female employment trends as well as getting more accustomed to working life. Ä °pek Ä °lkkaracan and Serkan DeÄÅ ¸irmenci look at the years between 2004 and 2010. They also include single female into their analysis. They focus on the fact that added worker effect creates pressure on the labor market which has already contracted due to crisis. In addition to this, active labor market participants may give up looking and withdraw their labor force from labor market. They make emphasis on particular characteristics of the women such as their age, marital status, and education level. Household unemployment shock increases the participation of university graduates who are between 20 and 45 age group by up to 34 per cent while the percentage drops to 17% for high school graduates. (Ä °lkkaracan,and DeÄÅ ¸irmenci 2013,1) The effect of migration from rural to urban areas shifts the agricultural labor power of women from unpaid family workers to unpaid household workers while men shifts from agricultural worker to industrial or service work ers in the urban areas. With the financial liberation, which started in 1980s, women have encountered with harsh working conditions, long working hours with low wages under poor labor market demand. Therefore, expected returns from female labor force participation are lower and structural constraint such as lack of child or elderly service weakens the added worker affects. (Ä °lkkaracan and DeÄÅ ¸irmenci 2013, 31) They make a conclusion that added worker effect in Turkey appears as a coping strategy to deal with economic downturns but it again refers to smaller effects like 8-10 percent of working age female become labor force participant with job loss of their husbands. If we look at 2008 crisis, Turkey faced with productivity loss as well as economic instability which pave the way to unemployment. â€Å"According to the Institute of LaborLaw (2009), the Turkish unemployment rate in January 2009 was 15.1 percent, which roughly corresponded to 3,600,000 individuals being out of jobs. Based on the data of the Turkish Institute of Statistics (TURKSTAT) (2009), the labor unions declared that the highest rate of unemployment since the foundation of the Turkish Republic was during the period of the 2007–2008 economic crisis, when between 13.6–16.3 percent of all workers lost their jobs (Tes-Ä °Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ 2009, 30). Almost nine million of these people now work without being covered by any social security insurance.†page98- unregisterd worker†¦. Policy Offers Lack of child care service for the pre-school age and elderly care services, which constitutes structural constraints, leads women to stay at home in order to provide the needs of these family members. The majority of women do not take more than secondary education so that they are offered by these poor employment opportunities. Without any public service, they have to use their labor power for domestic workload and if they start to work, they will face with harsh conditions without satisfactory payments in the workplace. In addition to this, women who are employed in the informal sector suffer from the poor access of maternity leave which affects the labor supply of women. We estimate the marginal effect of the unemployment shock on labor market transition probability for the overall sample as well as for different groups of women, and hence demonstrate that the effect varies widely depending on the particular characteristics of the woman—for example, her education level, age, urban/rural residence, and marital and parental status. Creating job opportunities for first time job seekers Affordable child care Sustaining investments on education In 2012, a cash transfer program targeted to give social security coverage for the poor widowed women because these women without men are seen as impoverished and vulnerable group to maintain living of their household by themselves. Distinction across welfare regimes is important to understand how social welfare is produced and allocated between state, market, and family. We should also take the criticism about welfare regime into account that this â€Å"welfare regime† approach is â€Å"gender blind† or in other words, there is gender bias toward women without men. (Ãâ€"zar and Yakut-Çakar 2013, 25) Women are not capable of continuing their working lives because they have drop-outs with marriages or child born. Care services cannot be affordable for those women so that they turn their home again. Women without men ( a male breadwinner) can less likely to find job in the formal sector due to lack of experience and considerable break between working time and staying at home. They will not face with job opportunities in the formal sector so that they need to accept uninsured and low-waged works in informal sector. Characteristics of unregistered jobs create unstable and volatile situation for women due to its duration and wage level. To maintain their daily livings, sometimes women take informal support from the relatives or neighborhoods but it turns out to be inadequate again.†By providing support to only widowed women, that is, those women falling outside family involuntarily upon the death of the spouse, the welfare regime in Turkey continues to assume women within the boundaries of family and punishes those that fall outside these boundaries.†32 spouse, the welfare regime in Turkey continues to assume women within the boundaries of family and punishes those that fall outside these boundaries REFERENCES BaÃ…Å ¸levent, L. and Onaran, O. 2003. â€Å"Are married women in Turkey more likely to become added or discouraged workers?† Labour, 17, 439–58. DeÄÅ ¸irmenci, S., Ilkkaracan, I. (2013). Economic Crises and the Added Worker Effect in the Turkish Labor Market. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 774, 1-47. Kà ¼mbetoÄÅ ¸lu, B., AkpÄ ±nar, A. (2010). Unregistered Women Workers in the Globalized Economy: A Qualitative Study in Turkey. Feminist Formations,22(3), 96-123. Unfolding the invisibility of women without men in the case of Turkey Ã…Å ¾ahin, M. (2011). KayÄ ±t DÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ± Ä °stihdam ve Esnek ÃÅ"retim Sà ¼recinde KadÄ ±n EmeÄÅ ¸inin Durumu: Tà ¼rkiye’de Ev-Eksenli ÇalÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ma, UzmanlÄ ±k Tezi, T.C. BaÃ…Å ¸bakanlÄ ±k KadÄ ±nÄ ±n Statà ¼sà ¼ Genel Mà ¼dà ¼rlà ¼Ãƒâ€žÃ… ¸Ãƒ ¼, Ankara. TurkStat (Turkish Statistical Agency) (2012) Household labor force survey, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/VeriBilgi.do?alt_id=25> (accessed 23 May 2013). http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16005 World Bank Report 48508-TR (2009). â€Å"Female Labor Force Participation in Turkey: Trends Determinants and Policy Framework†. Human Development Sector Unit Europe and Central Asia Region. World Bank State Planning Organization (2009). Female labour force participation in Turkey: Trends, determinants and policy framework. Report No: 48508-TR. Washington: The World Bank. DÄ °SK BirleÃ…Å ¸ik Metal Ä °Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸Ãƒ §ileri SendikasÄ ± EV-EKSENLÄ ° ÇALIÃ…Å ¾ANLAR VE Ãâ€"RGÃÅ"TLENMELERÄ ° Bu kitapà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±k Ev-eksenli ÇalÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸an KadÄ ±nlar ÇalÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ma Grubu’nun katkÄ ±sÄ ±yla hazÄ ±rlanmÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸tÄ ±r. Ä °stanbul, Mart 2003 1

Essay --

Steven Nosti Mrs. Manatos English III 14 January 2013 â€Å"Macbeth: Issues of Masculinity† Throughout the play Macbeth the male characters are constantly told to â€Å"act like a man† or â€Å"feel it as a man.† It seems as if, through this play, Shakespeare is trying to convey a central message of how men should act. So therefore the question is, â€Å"How is the idea of manhood developed throughout the play Macbeth and what does Shakespeare think being a man means?† In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare’s interesting definition of manhood and the evolution of it can be seen in how Malcolm, a young boy, is told to mature and grow up to be a noble king, in how the Macbeth is told by his wife to â€Å"be a man† and kill Duncan, and lastly in how Macduff, the man of his household, has to revenge his slaughtered family in order to have peace. To start off with, Malcolm, who is young boy, is faced with the death of his father and being called a traitor of the realm. First, imagine how Malcolm feels. He knows that someone has killed his father, and that there is nothing in this world that could bring his father back to him. Also Malcolm is not stupid, he knows that the person who killed his father is mostly likely going to try and kill him next. Next, imagine how Malcolm feels having to run from the country which he has called home since he was a babe—the country that was supposed to be his when he grew up. Now in this moment Malcolm has to make a choice. â€Å"Will I weep over my father’s death or will I rise up, be a man, and take back the throne?† Luckily for Malcolm the choice was easy, considering he had a wise man like Macduff on his side. As known to all who have read Macbeth, Malcolm chooses to be man and take back his father’s kingdom. However, he still ha... ...t best thing is to avenge his slaughtered family. This is the final quality that a man must possess according to Shakespeare. In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare’s interesting definition of manhood and the evolution of it can be seen in how Malcolm, a young boy, is told to mature and grow up to be a noble king, in how the Macbeth is told by his wife to â€Å"be a man† and kill Duncan, and lastly in how Macduff, the man of his household, has to revenge his slaughtered family in order to have peace. Therefore, putting these together one can understand what it truly means to be a man. To be a man one must take the steps from boyhood to manhood. Once he is a man, he has to be tough and unbending. He must stick to his word—even if it’s something tough to do. And lastly, a man must protect his family—and if he cannot he must avenge them. That is the true meaning of being a man.

Thermodynamics :: physics thermodynamics

The word thermodynamics is derived from the Greek words therme, meaning heat and dunamis, meaning power. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on systems at the macroscopic scale by studying the motion of their particles. A system is the subject of study. Heat means energy in transit and dynamics relates to movement of particles; thus, in essence thermodynamics studies the movement of energy and how energy instills movement. Thermodynamics describes how systems respond to changes in their surroundings. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science (physics and chemistry) and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions of matter, chemical reactions, and transportation. The study of thermodynamics is separated into two branches: the classical and the statistical thermodynamics. Classical thermodynamics was the original study of thermodynamics in early 1800s. It was concerned with thermodynamic states, and properties as energy, work, and heat, and with the two laws of thermodynamics. However, classical thermodynamics lacked an atomic interpretation of the processes. Classical thermodynamics derives from the research done by physicist Robert Boyle. He developed the concept that the pressure P of a given quantity of gas varies inversely to its volume V at constant temperature. In other words this equation was derived: PV = k, a constant. From here, the thermo-science began to develop with the construction of the first successful atmospheric steam engines. The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s. With the development of atomic and molecular theories in the late 19th century, thermodynamics was given a molecular interpretation, which the classical thermodynamics lacked. This field is called statistical thermodynamics, which can be thought of as a bridge between macroscopic and microscopic properties of systems. Statistical thermodynamics is focused around the macroscopic results. The statistical approach is to derive all macroscopic properties (temperature, volume, pressure, energy, entropy, etc.) from the properties of moving particles and the interactions between them in the given system. Statistical thermodynamics was found to be very accurate and successful; therefore it is widely used by scientists around the world. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system. It was born in the 19th century as scientists were first discovering how to build and operate steam engines. The term thermodynamics was first used by James Joule to express the relationship between heat and power. The history of thermodynamics begins with a German scientist who designed and built the first vacuum pump.

Do Not Go Gentle IntoThat Good Night by Dylan Thomas Essay -- Not Go G

Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas Many people get to the end of their lives and only then do they realize what they have missed. They realize that there is something that they just did not do in life and they try to do that thing before life's end. The poem, 'Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night' by Dylan Thomas, is based around five people. There is a wise man, a good man, a wild man, a grave man, and a father. For some reason, others more obvious than the ones before them, they have reached life's end. They are about to pass on into the next life; however, before they can pass on they each have some issue or loss in life that they must fix. The first example in poem is the wise man. Wisdom is often associated with age and maturity. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word wisdom means "the accumulated philosophic or scientific learning, the ability to discern inner qualities and relationships". It also means "good sense, generally accepted belief, a wise attitude or course of action and the teachings of the ancient wise men". If that is true then what does one so keen, so aware of how living things must cease to live, have to fix? Dylan Thomas appears to be telling us that wise men fear that they have not given their wisdom to others appropriately. It seems that wise men worry that all the wisdom they have accumulated over the many years of their existence was of no matter. Thomas has an eloquent way of phrasing things, ?Though wise men at their end know dark is right Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night? (Thomas ll. 1-6). To reiterate my point Thomas used the term of forked lightning this represents the wise men's words. Lightn... ... is even near being fought. No one enjoys the fact that soon there comes a life?s end, but it does. The problem is that people often try to find what they have not done in life instead of what they have. The past is a play, whether or not you as a character in the great play have a big part or little one it does not matter. What matters is that you appreciate what you did in life and what you have gained from being alive. Works Cited Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth. Living With Death and Dying. New York: MacMillan, 1981. Lucas, George. Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. Hollywood: 20th Century Fox, 1999. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. London and Glasgow: Collins. 876. Thomas, Dylan. ?Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.? Literature and Ourselves. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, 1997; 553.

Review Questions MGMT Essay

1) Scheduling and sequencing are typically viewed from a technical perspective; that is, they are focused on minimizing quantitative measures such as lateness or cost. However, schedules also have intangible effects on customers, employees, and the perception of service quality. Discuss what some of these intangible effects might be and how managers should consider them when constructing schedules. Some intangible effects of schedules on customers, employees, and the perception of service quality could be, employee morale (overworked, underworked); customer/buyer satisfaction with rate of production/delivery of service; perception of efficiency of potential clients and ancillary support systems. Managers need to take into account that constructing schedules will impact stakeholders in different ways (Collier & Evans, 2013). Where a quicker delivery time might make a customer happy, a salaried employee working 14 hour days to meet that demand may ultimately be causing more harm to the company in the long run. One of the best methods for developing schedules is an Activity-on-Node model. In this model, we can see the earliest start (ES) latest start (LS) earliest finish (LS) and latest finish for each activity of the project. Some of they may be able to run concurrently, which leads us to determining what the â€Å"critical path† would be. The critical path is the shortest time between activities that the project may be accomplished (Collier & Evans, 2013). 2) Select two of Deming’s 14 Points and discuss the importance of them to operations managers (as well as all managers) in today’s business environment. Deming’s steps 13 (Encourage Education and Self-Improvement) and 14 (Take Action) are the two that I find the most respectable attributes in operations managers and normal managers, alike. I have seen first-hand what sort of morale detriment can occur when self-improvement and education are not fostered in top-performers. For example, employee John Smith decides  he wants to obtain his Project Management Professional PMPâ„ ¢ certification. His company has a training budget that allows for such training, but Smith’s manager cannot rationalize the need for the certification, based on Smith’s current duties. Smith then decides to take vacation time and pay out of pocket to achieve this certification, nearly $2000 of his own money spent on professional development. Several months later, Smith’s company is awarded a substantial Earned Value (EV) contract from the DoD, in which a requirement was that there needed to be a certified PMPâ„ ¢ on the project team. Smith’s manager lacked the foresight to see the benefit of such a certification, and to this day, Smith has not been formally reimbursed for what ultimately led to the acquisition of a multi-million dollar contract. Needless to say, Smith’s regard for that manager severely diminished. Taking Action stood out to me as well, because I have seen what cost-plus contracts can do to a company. The â€Å"chaos is cash† mindset that melds into the minds of managers whose incumbencies are those contracts can be sickening. I once witnessed a company with a directorate that was so focused on this mind-set that deliveries were constantly late or with error, and it was considered the norm to have such things occur. DoD contractors are normally evaluated by the Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System (CPARS), and this company was consistently in the unsatisfactory rating. With a new directorate and management, this company was able to climb that rating system two levels for the first time in over a decade. I attribute this to those whom replaced the previous directorate and managements â€Å"Take Action† attitude in correcting that horrific â€Å"cost-plus† mindset. 3) Explain how service quality is measured. Specifically, discuss how you may have experienced each of the five SERVQUAL dimensions as a consumer of services. â€Å"Service quality is consistently meeting or exceeding customer expectations (external focus) and service-delivery system performance criteria (internal focus) during all service encounters† Collier & Evans, 2013). The 10 dimensions of SERVQUAL are as follows: SERVQUAL Dimensions Reliability Responsiveness Competence Access Courtesy Communication Credibility Security Understanding/knowing the customer tangibles In regards to reliability, I have had amazing reliability with MESA/BOOGIE guitar amplifiers. My MESA amp has lasted over 10 years with no issues. In regards to competence, USAA’s customer service and knowledge of their own products/services continues to amaze me every time I speak to them over the phone. I would also attribute the courtesy, responsiveness, and communication dimensions to USAA, as well. Their representatives are always well spoken, pleasant, and prompt to return inquiries. With understanding/knowing the customer, I would say Pacific Caliber is high on my list. We at Pacific Caliber can recognize the true, earned-value potential in the candidates we place with our clients, because we have been subject matter experts in those fields already. Much of this has to do with military affiliations and core values, as well. Access would go to Cotixansâ„ ¢ Mexican Restaurant. They have amazing food, 24/7, and are adjacent to my home. Security would go to Lockheed Martin’s private flight-test facilities, that is all I can comment on that. References Collier, D., & Evans, J. (2013). OM4 (4th ed., Student ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Good Will Hunting Movie Analysis

Good Will Hunting Movie Analysis The movie Good Will Hunting is about Will Hunting, a janitor with an Irish background and a pure gift for math. He is the janitor at the notorious college MIT and often cleans near a prominent math/chemistry professor’s classroom. This professor assigns his class a task that would involve solving a very difficult math problem and the reward would be an automatic A in the class and the ability to work with the professor on research. Will, having an excellent background of knowledge, views the problem one day while cleaning in the evening. With no surprise for himself, he completes the problem and leaves it on the board. The professor sees the problem finished the next day. He does not know who had completed it, so he asks the members of his class who completed it. None of them answer, so he is forced to post another problem because nobody claimed the first. Will again finished the problem and once again the professor is puzzled as to who had completed the problem a second time. The professor posts a third problem, but this time has his assistant closely monitor the board to see who completes it. The professor catches Will posting the answer and stops him because he thinks Will is vandalizing on the board. To the professor’s amazement, Will is completing the problem and tells him to continue. Will completes it and walks away before the professor can find out who he is. The professor goes and finds out his name from other janitors and find out Will just got arrested for battery and assault and is being held on bail. With his MIT â€Å"power† and â€Å"persuasion† the professor gets Will on probation instead of jail time to work with and help use his knowledge for good. Will initially does not say barely a single word in the probation time with the professor. The professor tells him that he could be jailed if he wants to, but Will knows he doesn’t want to go back to that. After a few sessions, Will begins to open up to the professor. After opening up to the professor for the first time, the professor soon understands Will’s situation. He is very poor, he does not have a stable financial situation on his home, and he has no other family than his â€Å"brothers†. Will refuses to use his knowledge as a positive thing, and the professor has to send him to his college roommate, Sean (played by Robin Williams) who specializes in psychological practices of Will’s sort. He gets Will to realize that happiness can only come from inside and that if he wants to be happy he has to use his abilities and have fun with them. Will begins working with the professor on some not so basic problems and they get along quite nicely. Within the movie are some aspects of psychology that stand out and some that don’t. One that stands out is the wanting from others for Will to succeed. Although Will may not see his potential in his future, almost every other character in the movie does. His best friend Chuckie, says â€Å"You're sitting on a winning lottery ticket. It would be an insult to us if you're still around here in 20 years. † It seems everybody wants him to succeed but him. Will also falls in love with Skylar, which completely alters his perspective on life. He goes from not believing in anything but alcohol and bars, to believing in love and a future.

Arcangelo Corelli: the Period, Life, and Works

Brianna Hunter MUL1110-3060 Professor Kranz February 20, 2013 Arcangelo Corelli: The Period, Life, and Works Music was discovered thousands of years ago and has only progressively gotten better with the invention of instruments and the development of musical dynamics. During the baroque period, in which Arcangelo Corelli lived and died, music was beginning to evolve into a more diverse musical experience. Arcangelo Corelli was one of the few violin and musical composer pioneers that helped shape music and create some of the most recognized compositions of his era.According to Baroque Music, Corelli not only shared his musical knowledge with fellow musicians, but was known as the â€Å"founder of modern violin technique,† the â€Å"world’s first great violinist,† and the â€Å"father of concerto grosso. † The period, life, and works in which the great Arcangelo Corelli lived will be discussed in greater detail as the paper progresses. To begin, the baroque period, also known as the â€Å"age of absolutism,† is classified by the years 1600, in which opera began, to the death of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1750 (Kamien 99).Opera was birthed in Italy within the baroque period and provided the people a show of â€Å"magnificent extravagance† with more emphasis on the words than the music (Kamien 118-19). Furthermore, the baroque styled opera marked the entrance of castrato singers. These singers were males who had been castrated before they hit puberty to ensure the lung power of men and the vocal range of women. â€Å"By combining virtuosity, nobility, and extravagance, baroque opera perfectly expressed the spirit of a grand age† (Kamien 120).As well as the start of opera, the texture of the music was imperative during the baroque period. In the early baroque period, from 1600 to 1640, musicians favored the homophonic texture of music. Early baroque composers thought the only way to clearly project the lyrics of the so ngs was to have a main, constant melody with stressed contrasting sounds by singers against a chorus or using voices against instruments. On the contrast, during the late baroque period, 1690-1750, the favored texture was polyphonic, just as it had been during the renaissance period (Kamien 102).According to NAU, â€Å"polyphonic texture contains two or more active melodies†¦ with emphasis placed upon the interplay between lines, rather than on a single melody or a stream of chord sounds† (par 1). In addition, the layering of voices shares importance with the polyphonic texture of the baroque period. â€Å"Layering is when two or more voices move at different but closely related levels of rhythmic activity, similar to different parts of a machine moving at different but related speeds† (â€Å"Polyphonic† par 2).Although homophonic texture paved a way for music of the baroque period, most of the baroque compositions that are well-known used the polyphonic te xture which helped â€Å"instrumental music become as important as vocal music for the first time† (Kamien 102) In addition, the form of the music in the baroque period was also important. The musical forms varied from sonatas to concerto grosso to the most basic forms. For instance, the two basic musical forms are ternary form, which is a three-part A B A sequence, and binary form, which is a two-part A B sequence.The most commonly used basic form of the baroque period was the ternary form, which had sounds that mirrored â€Å"a statement, a contrast or departure, and a return,† hinting an A B A sequence (Kamien 49-50). Next, the concerto grosso was very essential for late baroque. The concerto grosso, â€Å"a small group of soloists pitted against a larger group of players called the tutti (all),† was used by orchestras in upper-class palaces that provided the soloists with â€Å"brilliant and fanciful melodic lines† (Kamien 108).Finally, the sonatas we re popular in the baroque period for churches, performances, and for leisure. A sonata is â€Å"a composition in several movements for one to eight instruments. † In the same way, the trio sonata gained popularity with composers because they were composing for three melodic lines (Kamien 125). With that in mind, Arcangelo Corelli composed a trio sonata in 1689 for stringed instruments called the Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10 with four movements (Kamien 126). Although the trio onata would appear to have three parts, the trio sonata in fact has four instrumentalists, with two high instruments and two instruments for the lower basso continuo (Kamien 125). Relatively, tempo was an important development of the baroque era. Before the seventeenth century, tempo was indicated by notations. Conversely, the baroque period was the beginning of using terms to describe tempo which originated in Italy and quickly spread throughout Europe. Consequently, the terms still used today t o describe tempo are in Italian.For example, allegro means a fast tempo, accelerando means becoming faster, and largo means a very slow tempo. Even though the terms were created, some composers still had confusion about the many different meanings that the words could denote. In correlation, â€Å"the invention of the metronome allowed composers to become very precise with their tempo markings, however most conductors and performers still tend to regard tempo as a matter of interpretation† (Miller par 4). In Fusignano, Italy, on February 17, 1653, over 360 years ago, Italian violinist Arcangelo Corelli was born to a prosperous family.Santa and Arcangelo Corelli Sr. had five children together, including Arcangelo— Ippolito, Domenico, Giovanna and Giacinto. Corelli was named after his father who unfortunately died a month before his birth and as a result, he was raised by his single mother, Santa Corelli (Talbot 181). Corelli’s initial musical studies were with th e local clergy near Faenza, Italy and then finally studied in Bologna, Italy in 1666. â€Å"His studies there were with Giovanni Benvenuti and Leonardo Brugnoli, the former representing the disciplined style of the Accademia filarmonica (to which Corelli was admitted in 1670)† (Whent par 1).According to Padre Martini, Arcangelo Corelli took his first violin lessons at Bologna from Benvenuti and then later Brugnoli (Talbot 181). In the mid 1670’s, Corelli established himself in Rome, Italy where he found himself in the service of Queen Christina of Sweden in 1679 (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 1). Prior to meeting Queen Christina, Corelli â€Å"appeared as a violinist in the orchestra that recruited for a series of Lenten oratorios at S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini† in 1676 (Talbot 182). In 1681, Arcangelo dedicated his Opus1 to the Queen of Sweden which he escribed as the â€Å"first fruits of his studies† (Talbot 183-84). In 1684, Corelli began to regularly pe rform at musical functions for an employer named Cardinal Pamphili. Shortly after beginning his services for Pamphili, Corelli dedicated his Opus 2 to him in 1685 (Talbot 185). Correspondingly, â€Å"on July 9, 1687 Cardinal Pamphili engaged Corelli as his music master at a monthly salary of ten Florentine piasters† (Talbot 186). At this time, Corelli and his pupil, Matteo Fornari, moved into Pamphili’s palace to serve their talents.Sadly, Pamphili moved out of Rome in 1690, which left Corelli to find a new patron. Fortunately, Corelli quickly found patronage in Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, to whom he dedicated his Opus 4 to (Kemp par 1). Luckily for Corelli, Ottoboni viewed him more as friend than a servant and allowed Corelli to live the rest of his life in his palace (Kemp par 2). Furthermore, Corelli directed opera pieces at the Cancelleria and the Tordinona theatre. In â€Å"Naples, Italy on May 1, 1702, Corelli played Scarlatti’s Tiberio, imperator d’ Oriente† (Talbot 188).With his evidently superior skills, â€Å"in 1706 Corelli was elected as one of only a handful of musicians to the select the artistic circle known as the Accademia degli Arcadi† (Kemp par 2). Regrettably, after 1708, Arcangelo Corelli discharged himself from the public’s eye, and â€Å"busied himself with the composition of concerti grosso† (Talbot 189). A few years later, in December of 1712, his health began to deteriorate. Consequently, Corelli wrote his will on January 5, 1713, in which he left â€Å"all his violins, his manuscripts, the plates of his Opus 4, and his future Opus 6† to his pupil, Matteo Fornari.Three days later, Arcangelo Corelli, at the age of 59, died in Rome, Italy (Talbot 189) and was buried in the Pantheon, near Raphael Sanzio da Urbino, a famous painter (Kemp par 3). â€Å"The anniversary of his death was marked for several years afterwards by solemn performances of his concertos in the Pantheon† (Talbot 190). In relation to Corelli’s musical success, his musical style was revolutionary. â€Å"Corelli popularized certain rhythmical stereotypes, in particular the ‘walking’ or ‘running’ bass in which an inessential note is interposed between two harmony notes† (Talbot 196). His allegros are characterized by rapid changes of harmony underlining the metrical structure, repeated notes, widely ranging themes, idiomatic violin writing†¦ and a mechanically progressive rhythm† (Whent par 6). Even though Arcangelo Corelli was an innovator of sorts, the only device he is named after is the ‘Corelli clash’ (â€Å"where the late resolution on to the leading note at a cadence coincides with the anticipation of the tonic note in the companion upper part†) which was popular in 1680’s dance music (Talbot 196).According to Talbot, â€Å"in formal matters, Corelli is often credited with the clearest exposition of the difference between the ‘church’ and ‘chamber’ varieties of sonata, and the establishment of four movements as the norm in both† (196). â€Å"Few composers achieved so much so quickly, and with such economical means, as Corelli† (200). Undoubtedly, Arcangelo Corelli created many masterpieces that received much praise during and after his lifetime. His Opus 1, to whom he dedicated to Queen Christina of Sweden, is twelve church trio-sonatas. (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 8).Opus 1 (Opera Prima) was written for â€Å"two violins and Violone or Archlute with organ bass and in a somewhat serious contrapuntal style† (Deas 7). Admittedly, Opus 1 has been reprinted â€Å"through 35 known editions between 1681 and 1785† (Talbot 193). Following Opus 1 and 2, Corelli created Opus 3 (Opera Terza), which is a set of twelve trio-sonatas in dedication to the Duke of Modena in 1689 (Deas 6). According to Deas, in Opus 3 â€Å"there is plenty of vigorous independent part-writing in the many fugal movements and, in the slow introductions and middle movements, a poise and dignity that might be called Handelian† (7).In fact, Johann Sebastian Bach â€Å"borrowed the subject of the second movement of Opus 3 No. 4 for an organ fugue† ( Talbot 193). Not before long, Arcangelo Corelli was back at it again with his composition of Opus 5, the most popular opus of his career with 42 editions being reprinted by 1800 (Talbot 193). Opus 5 is a set of twelve violin and bass sonatas that were dedicated to Sophia Charlotte, Electress of Brandenburg with no clear date of creation (Deas 6). Corelli’s Opus 5 continued to be performed and used as teaching pieces before and after his death (Zaslaw par 2).In fact, according to Zaslaw, â€Å"no other set of works enjoyed a comparable reception in the 18th century† more than Corelli’s Opus 5 (par 1). Before his untimely death, Corelli started, but never finished Opus 6 (Opus Sesta). Opus 6, dedicated to John William, Elector Palatine, was finally finished and published in 1714 (Edwards 526) with help from Corelli’s former pupil Matteo Fornari (Talbot 189). In Corelli's Opus 6 concerto grosso, â€Å"the smaller group consists of two violins and a cello, and the larger of a string orchestra† (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 5).Although Corelli did not invent concerto grosso, â€Å"it was he who proved the potentialities of the form, popularized it, and wrote the first great music for it† and if not for him as a model, â€Å"it would have been impossible for Vivaldi, Handel, and Bach to have given us their concerto grosso masterpieces† (Arcangelo† par 4). Corelli â€Å"reached his creative peak and climaxed all his musical contributions† with the publication of his concerto grosso (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 3). In final consideration, Arcangelo Corelli, Italian violinist, was a heavy hitter of his time p eriod.Corelli had many pupils that included Francesco Geminiani and Antonio Vivaldi who later went on to influence the famous Johann Sebastian Bach (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 9). â€Å"His contributions can be divided three ways, a violinist, composer, and teacher. It was his skill on the new instrument known as the violin and his extensive and very popular concert tours throughout Europe which did most to give that instrument its prominent place in music† (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 2). â€Å"As a violinist, he was one of Europe’s most sought-after teachers, exerting an influence on instrumental technique which spread well into the 18th century† (Kemp par 3).Point in fact, according to Kemp, â€Å"his 48 published trio sonatas, 12 solo violin sonatas and 12 concerti grossi were quickly recognized as offering supreme models of their kind† (par 3). â€Å"As a composer he was the first to become famous based solely on instrumental composition, the first composer whose reputation was directly influenced by music publishers, and the first to produce instrumental works that would become classics† (Cole par 1). Arcangelo Corelli â€Å"has taken a place among the immortal musicians of all time, and he maintains that exalted position today† and will forever remain a pioneer for baroque music (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 10).Works Cited â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Baroque Music. Internet Arton Publications, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Cole, Richard. , et al. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. †Ã‚  Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Virginia Tech Department of Music, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013 Deas, Stewart. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Music & Letters Jan. 1953, Vol. 34, No. 1: 1-10. JSTOR. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Edwards, Owain. â€Å"Corelli and The Violin. †Ã‚  History Today  26. 8 (1976): 525-531. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Kamien, Roger. Music: An Appreciation. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hi ll, 2011. Print. Kemp, Lindsay. Arcangelo Corelli. † BBC News. BBC, 2003. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Miller, R. J. â€Å"The Baroque Era. †Ã‚  clem. mscd. Appassionata Music Pub. , 2002. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Polyphonic Texture and Genres. †Ã‚  NAU. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Talbot, Michael. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Italian Baroque Masters. Ed. Stanley Sadie. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984. Print. Whent, Chris. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. †Ã‚  HOASM. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Zaslaw, Neal. â€Å"Ornaments for Corelli's Violin Sonatas, Op. 5. †Ã‚  Oxford Journals. Oxford University Press, 1996. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.

What Are Scientific Investigation and Non-scientific Investigation?

Scientific investigation and non-scientific investigation are fields of inquiry used by scholars, policy makers, health professionals and economists among others, to acquire knowledge that explains the various forms of phenomena that exist in the natural physical environment. Science is derived from a Latin word scientia which literally means knowledge. It is a discipline that deals with the systematic process of gathering knowledge about the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world, based on facts that are measurable and can be proven by manipulation of data obtained through experiments, and observation (Gaukroger, 2006). Investigation is the process of enquiring into unfamiliar or questionable activities, thoroughly and systematically with the aim getting a solution (Bauer, 1992). Scientific investigation therefore is a method used to acquire knowledge through careful observation of facts of a situation that is unfamiliar or questionable, which helps in the development of a hypothesis from which logical predictions can be proven by way of experimentation, and manipulation of empirical data (Ziman, 2000). Non-scientific investigation on the other hand is devoid of all attributes that are scientific in nature. The careful examination, with the aim of establishing reasons for the occurrence or existence of a particular phenomenon cannot be verified with reference to data gathered by means of experiments, observations, empirical evidence or any other forms regarded as scientific. Conclusions are majorly based on claims, estimations and generalized assumptions that cannot be measured or empirically determined (Proper, 1983). Steps of scientific investigation: The first step involves informal observations of phenomena or behavior in a way that is not systematic. In the process, unique behavior might get noticed within the environment under investigation. For example, it may be observed that people are generally happier in warm sunny days. As questions about events arise, generalizations are made toward the noticed behavior through a process known as inductive reasoning. (Holyoak and Morrison, 2005). This involves using a specific characteristic to make conclusions about the general situation. For example, people are happier on warm and sunny days. The second step involves the formation of a tentative answer known as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposal expressing opinion based on incomplete evidence or a concept that has not yet been verified but that if true would explain a possible relationship between or among a set of phenomena (Burks, 1977). The hypotheses are normally tested using experimental studies to determine their relevance through a series of steps that are repetitive. This provides a consistent way of predicting further results related to specific situations or phenomena (Fraassen, 1980). This begins by listing variables that are associated with the observation. A variable is a condition that has different values for different items. For example, other variables associated with warm sunny days and happiness could be weather and health. There now arises two possible explanations for the observation made; that people are less likely to get colds and flu which limits depression and makes them happy, and people are happier in warm sunny days because the weather is bright and welcoming. At this point, one between the two observations is selected forming the hypothesis which is subjected to further investigation to determine whether it is true or false. Thirdly, is the use of the hypothesis to generate a prediction, which can be tested. This involves applying the hypothesis to a specific real-world situation that can be observed (Patten, 2004). At his level, logic is used to make a prediction through a process known as deductive reasoning where the prediction starts from a general statement to one that is specific (Patton, 2002). For example, if the hypothesis states that less depression is as a result of better lighting, a specific prediction is that, increasing lighting of a building on the ground floor should decrease depression among employees working on that floor. The fourth step is to evaluate the prediction by undertaking the actual research to provide a fair and unbiased result by observing if the hypothesis is correct (Bunge, 1998). Finally, observations are used to back, refute, or to refine the original. This is based on the extent to which observations agree with predictions. If they agree, new predictions can be set and tested. If not, then the hypothesis needs to be revised because it is wrong. The scientific process is a repetitive, circular, spiral process and not a linear process (Maleske, 2005). Other elements of scientific investigation All scientific investigations must be objective. They should not be influenced by personal feelings or opinions of the party carrying out the investigation but rather by facts that can be proven (Neuman, 2006). This reduces the eventuality of biased interpretations and conclusions of results from an investigation. Scientific investigations must be documented. Official records should be kept for use as evidence or proof that investigation on a particular phenomenon actually took place. This would lend credibility to the process in case any there is need for further investigation (Krippendorff, 2004). Another basic expectation is to archive all documented work resulting from scientific investigation. This involves storage of information that is not often needed into various forms of storage media like tapes, disks, paper, and slides for future reference. Data and methodology from scientific investigations must be shared to allow for careful scrutiny by other scientists. This allows other researchers the opportunity to carefully scrutinize results and also verify them by attempting to reproduce them through a practice called full disclosure (Holton, 1988). Finally, scientific investigations must allow for statistical measures of reliability of the data to be established. Non-scientific investigation Non-scientific investigation is a process of inquiry into particular phenomena existing in the natural physical environment in a manner that is not systematic. The major aspects of non-scientific investigation are qualitative in nature, in the sense that the process of inquiry is not based on facts and data that is measurable and can be empirically manipulated to arrive at conclusions but reasoned explanations, estimations, generalized assumptions and comparisons form the basis of non-scientific investigation (Salmon, 1990). Forms of non-scientific investigation Tenacity is used to acquire knowledge from habit or superstition. Repetitive and predictable events form the basis upon which knowledge is acquired. There is no actual observation and examination of variables through research. As Stanovich (2007) observes, the element of repetitiveness and predictability hold a critical place in the field of science. Intuition is another form of non-scientific investigation through which knowledge is acquired. The substance of the matter under investigation is determined by a hunch or feeling that could be emotionally motivated or not (Stanovich, 2007). Through keen observation or by reading other sources, feelings and emotions may be invoked triggering studies that end up on conclusions being made. The nature of conclusions depends on the emotional disposition of the investigator. Authority by experts is another form of non-scientific investigation (Thurs, 2007). This is simply derived from the idea that expert opinion is based on information acquired earlier through various forms. Due to the fact that individual experts are expected to offer leadership in their areas of specialization, they easily contribute information which is presumed to be knowledge. Rationalism is another form of non-scientific investigation where knowledge is acquired from reasoning and making of logical conclusions (Audi, 1999). Simply put, rationalism is based on appeal to logic. However, logic may not necessarily explain phenomena as certain information may be convincing though such may fail the knowledge test. Lastly is empiricism which relates to acquisition of knowledge from direct sensory observation (Keeton, 1962). This is heavily dependent on the five senses possessed by a human being including the sense of touch, smell, taste, sound and sight. Conclusion Scientific and non-scientific investigation offer useful skills of inquiry that can be used hand in hand. These two processes complement each other throughout the whole investigative process to bring about a more comprehensive and tangible investigation (McComas, 2002). The steps under scientific investigation are punctuated by elements of non-scientific investigation giving it substance and credibility that is necessary for the process to be complete. The following non-scientific forms of investigation roughly show the correlation that exists with the scientific forms, observation (method of empiricism), reading other researchers’ articles (method of authority) (MacMorris, 1989). For an investigation to be deemed complete and comprehensive, scientific investigation and non-scientific investigation must be used together.

Swanage Geography Coursework

This is the first of the 2 hypotheses I am going to be focusing on in my coursework, I will be using a variety of graphs and relevant statistics to prove my hypothesis. Throughout my coursework you will notice how I will link back my explanation towards my hypothesis and give my opinion of how shops in Swanage need tourist's to be able to run their business successfully. * Retail Opportunities In Swanage Urgently Need To Be Redeveloped To Take Into Account The Needs Of Local Population This will be the second of the 2 hypothesises I will be focusing on and developing as well. This hypothesis is about redeveloping shops in Swanage that need to be redeveloped; I will be working on this near the end of my coursework as I do see areas which are in desperate need of improvement. As I developing the areas of Swanage which need developing I will give explanations as to why I made that choice and what positive impacts can come from it. Site Map of Swanage For my coursework I was asked to produce a Site Map of Swanage which shows the 6 different areas of the area. * Tourist Facilities * Retail Streets * Holiday Flats * Hotels * Residential Leisure * Residential Houses As you can see from figure 1.2 I took the liberty of colour coding these areas so that it would be easier to analyse later for future reference in my coursework. From the Site Map you can see that there is large amount of Tourist Facilities. This further proves my hypothesis 1 which I will discuss later in my coursework. Why is Swanage a Tourist Attraction? Swanage is a place where it is unlikely for you to walking around aimlessly doing nothing; this is one of the reasons why tourists enjoy visiting the area. There are a lot of things tourist's could involving themselves with in Swanage. They could visit the beach or go to the retail stores or just relax and enjoy the scenery. The main reason why people would go to Swanage is simply because it is both affordable and enjoyable le which are the two important factor of a vacation. Tourism is very important in Swanage because without it the facilities that are being opened in Swanage will eventually close down due to no profit thereby no developments will be made, which will make swanage a place that wouldn't be nice to visit. Geology of Swanage Beach In Figure 1.3 you can see it is fairly detailed geological diagram of swanage beach, it also shows all the rocks involved within the beach which will be useful to most geographers. BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF SWANAGE On this Page in my coursework I will give statistics and graphs about some of the relevant information on Swanage like population, Employment Rate, Age Structure etc. From these results it should give me a clear indication about Swanage and its history. Population of Swanage In Figure 2.1 it shows both the statistics and the graph of the Population of Swanage as you can throughout the years is has increased in population. However from the year 1921-1931 there was a major decrease in population. This is probably due to people migrating out of the area because of expenses of houses or people just simply wanted to move out. From 1951 to 2001 there is a constant increase meaning in the future Swanage will overpopulate due to the large tourists and residents. 2001 Census Data for Swanage In Figure 2.2 you can see that it shows both statistics and graphs for the population of Male and Females in Swanage and Dorset. Obviously Swanage is a smaller area than Dorset so Dorset's results will obviously be greater in population. In both areas Females have a higher population than Males. The reason for this is probably because there are more retail shops that attract for Females than Males. Age Structure This Graph shows the Age structure of people from both Dorset and Swanage. From Figure 2.3 you can see that the people from (18-44) and (60-84) have the highest amount of %. This shows that middle aged people live in Swanage and Dorset than Older or Younger people. This means that most residential people who live in Swanage have Jobs or have Part-time Job and owns a house or an apartment. There are hardly any 16-17 yr olds also there aren't that many elderly people as well. Conclusion From all of the statistics I have I will make a final conclusion that Swanage will gradually increase in population which would have more females than males. Also most of the residents would have Jobs because most of the population in Swanage are aged form 18-84. EXTENT OF TOURISM The Importance of Tourism In Swanage Tourism is especially important as that is what keep the area going â€Å"money-wise†, without tourism the town would not get no profit therefore will not be able to develop their area. From the land use map there is a pattern which shows how the shops for Tourist's are near the beach as the beach is the most popular sight in the area. This is what will get tourists motivated to shop in the area. In summer time the tourist visiting rate will increase as the scenery will seem better due to the fact that the weather is beautiful. Who benefits from tourism? The retail store owners would partly benefit from tourism as they are gaining profit from their business which will help them for the future. The whole area of swanage will benefit from tourism as well because with their money Swanage will be able to further develop into something better. TOURIST QUESTIONNAIRE For my coursework I was asked to create a questionnaire based on the tourists of swanage I asked a range of different questions based on relevant information I needed to find out. On this page I will focus on a few questions in particular that will help prove my first hypothesis. The first question I came across is in figure 4.1 it was to find out which shops tourists use when they are shopping. As you can see from the graph the two highest selected Shops were Restaurants and Supermarkets. This Graph tells me that most people would visit Supermarkets and restaurants while they are in swanage. This doesn't surprise because on the geography I came a across a handful of Supermarkets and Restaurants for Tourists to visit so this is an obvious result. So far this proving my hypothesis because restaurants and Supermarkets are the essential thing's a tourist needs so the retail stores would make those types of shops accessible for tourists. This is another question that I have been focusing on in the questionnaire. What this Pie Chart is telling is that because of the impact of tourism, tourism has influenced the area to change the way they run their shops. This is a positive impact as this will persuade more tourists to visit because of the demands previous tourists have made. As you can see from the graph because of tourism there are more restaurants opening and gift shops are opening as well. These are popular retail store for tourist which explains the results. This is the final question I will be bringing forward for discussion as this is one of the most important questions. As you can see from the Pie Chart Tourists would like Easier Car Parking Overall, this is very understandable because on week days and weekends tourists would want to visit shops however the only things delaying their shopping time is Parking. If Tourist's have more parking then more Tourists will be able to shop thereby giving more profit towards swanage. Another improvements that the tourists have mention was the fact that most of the shops need to be open of Sunday's this will give them more shopping time to do last minute shopping which is bound to happen at one point or another. If they put this improvement forward swanage will gain more profit. RESIDENTS QUESTIONNAIRE This is one question I chose from the residents Questionnaire which shows which area Residents visit to shop in the surrounding area. Wareham was the most mentioned. The reason for this is because there is more variety of shops to visit which would keep local people interested. I would imagine that it would closer to their work so the journey would be easier. Another key reason why residents would want to shop elsewhere besides Swanage is because there us easier parking so they will be able to visit shops faster. This is one issue that will lead more local people to shop elsewhere besides swanage the reason being, no good car parking facilities. From the Pie chart it shows that 78% think that there no car parks being provided for local people. As I said before because of this issue swanage will lead local people out of the area due to the fact that they have nowhere to park their cars. These are the improvements suggested by the residents of Swanage; overall it is similar to the Tourist's improvements as both mentioned Car Park as their main concern. Both would rather excellent Car Parking than Shops, I imagine both residents and tourists are annoyed with Car Parks which is the reason they brought it up in the questionnaires. One improvement mentioned in the resident questionnaire which relates back to figure 2.2 is that people require more hairdressers. Because there are more females than males in swanage it is quite obvious that women would be demanding more womanly stores. Conclusion Gathering information from both Questionnaire it is safe to say that the main improvement it Car Parks which is an understandable request. People from swanage should take this on board and make a bigger car park in swanage. They have not got anything to lose because more car parks means more people which means more shoppers which eventually lead to money that they can use to redevelop swanage. RETAIL MAP OF SWANAGE Conclusion As you can see from the annotations I have made you can get a clear idea of the types of shops open on Institute road and Station road. Institute road would be a great place for tourist's as there are more shops which would be suitable for them, Residents would not find shops on Institute road helpful as they are specifically aimed at tourist to persuade them to stay in swanage and the way to do that is to feed them with cheap advertisements. Residents would prefer shops on Station Road as there are shops that are aimed at residents as well as Tourist's so everyone would be satisfied on station road. OPENING AND CLOSING TIMES OF SHOPS THE SECOND HYPOTHESIS Retail Opportunities in Swanage urgently need to be redeveloped to take into account the needs of local population This is the second hypothesis I will be focusing on and developing as well. This hypothesis is about redeveloping shops in Swanage that need to be redeveloped; I will be working on areas which are in desperate need of improvement. As I developing the areas of Swanage which need developing I will give explanations as to why I made that choice and what positive impacts can come from it. The main reason I am going to improve swanage town is because of the improvements people have stated in both the resident questionnaire and tourist questionnaires. The improvements they have made are realistic and true towards the area of swanage. Why would you improve swanage? There are many reasons as to why people would want to improve swanage the obvious reason is to make the living conditions better and the facilities to be more flexible with the needs of residents and tourists. Gathering information from the both questionnaires I feel that swanage does need improving. Better Car Parking would be a huge improvement as most people feel that is a huge downfall in swanage, there is never enough parking. More variety of shops is one suggestion that also seems to be popular in the tourist questionnaire which is understandable as tourists visit areas to shop not to be bored. Opening and Closing times of shops in another issue in swanage, it seems that shops close too early for residents so shops need to be opened later for all people to do last minute shopping. My development plan will support most of those improvements to make swanage a better area to visit. DEVELOPMENT PLAN EXPLANATIONS Development 1 and 2 – These are the first two improvements I have made, I have added two retail shopping areas. The reason why I did this is, is because in the residential questionnaire a large number of residents requested shopping areas that will also be open longer to accommodate the times of residents. The types of shops that will be around here are sports shops because that was also requested in the questionnaire a large amount of residents wanted this. Development 3 – As I said before in the previous explanation a handful of people wanted sports shops so I assumed that they would want leisure facilities as well. Because there are more Females than Males in Swanage it is only natural that some of the residents would request leisure facilities for football or basketball etc. Development 4 – This is the biggest request that the residents have made clear in the questionnaire; there wasn't enough parking throughout swanage I have taken that complaint onboard and have now added a Free Car Parking facility for residents only. Because of this residents will find it easier to get to the shops without any hassle. Since residents already live in the area it would be foolish to pay for their own parking which is why I made car parking free, this was another improvement mentioned in the questionnaire. Development 5 – This is the area that will be having the food market once a week this is another request mentioned in the questionnaire I thought it was a good idea as it would give residents a chance to get food useful for their homes. Development 6 – Hairdressers will be added here because there are not enough hairdressers in the area so adding hairdressers will support the improvement of swanage Development 7 – This will be a huge Supermarket for all residents to support all there need whether it is food or clothes etc. Residents would really appreciate this as there are never enough supermarkets in swanage. This will improve swanage because more people will shop thereby putting more money into the swanage development. Development 8 – This will be the pedestrian path leading to the Supermarket people complain about there being too many cars which could get dangerous for most people Development 9 – This is the final improvement I will make in swanage, this area will be the picnic area/quiet area for residents who would just like a relaxing day. It is away from the supermarket so there will no collision with the people who want to relax and the people that want to shop. I would imagine this was requested by the older people of swanage These are the final improvements I have towards swanage based on the results of the questionnaire. On the next page of this coursework I will justify my coursework giving reason as to why it is effective and fits the needs of residents and if it will benefit them or not. JUSTIFICATION OF PLAN On this page I will evaluate my plan giving reason for why it is good plan and why I placed those specific facilities on the plan. I will also write about who benefits from the result of my plan. Why is my Plan Good? I feel my development plan is well planned out because I have placed facilities according to what people have said in the questionnaire, I took that on board on what the people wanted and added that in my plan. The Car Park issue from before as now been resolved because of my plan, there is now a huge Car Parking facility which is free for residents, so I managed to improve in two ways. Another way my plan is good is because I added a large supermarket for residents to use. Residents would find this very useful as they mentioned this in questionnaire. Most of the facilities did not take much thought it was mostly commence sense and guidance from the tourist and residential questionnaire. Who will benefit? Many people will benefit from this improvement change, one group in particular would be the elderly people because I have added a quiet area away from the excitement where people can relax and enjoy the day. Residents would appreciate this, as they can be in a clam environment which would calm them down if they were stressed. The male groups will benefit because I have added a leisure facility for all popular sport, for men who like sport this is one improvement that will make swanage for enjoyable. For the female groups I have added hairdresser facilities, women from swanage will appreciate this change because there are hardly any hairdressers in swanage and having one near residential houses will benefit residential women. What do I think my plan overall Overall I feel my plan is good because it satisfies the needs of residents and there won't be any collisions with tourist shops. Everyone will be satisfied in the area they are in since the change I made to swanage. CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION Conclusion After all information gathered from questionnaires and statistics I have come to the conclusion that my hypothesis has been proven due to the fact that most all tourist and residents gave listed improvements for swanage. All the data analyzed led me to this conclusion and I feel I made that my conclusion has been proven. Although the conclusion I managed to come up with was true there are still areas in my coursework that I feel can improved. The explanations I gave for my maps and graphs could have been explained better with more evidence to prove my point. The statements I gave for development could've been explained more clearly but was still a satisfactory effort. Evaluation Overall I would say my project would be graded from a B to an A because I followed the criteria given and gave evidence to prove my point. I created diagram and graphs to prove another point. However as I said there are still areas for improvement which is the reason for the grade I have given.